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MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

ON WHAT YEAR DID National Cancer Institute convened a group of experts to review the current methods of breast cancer detection and to identify new and effective technologies.

A

1991

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2
Q

WHO convened a group of experts to review the current methods of breast cancer detection and to identify new and effective technologies.

A

National Cancer Institute

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3
Q

ON 1991 WHAT WORKSHO PBUILT

A

“Breast Imaging: State of the Art and Technologies of the Future.”

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4
Q

ON WHAT YEAR Workshop: “Breast Imaging: State of the Art and Technologies of the Future.”

A

1991

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5
Q

ON WHAT YEAR Formation of the National Digital Mammography Group

A

1991

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6
Q

ON 1991, WHAT GROUP FORMED FOR MAMMOGRAPHY

A

National Digital Mammography Group

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7
Q

WHAT YEAR DID Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) First prototype digital mammography machine

A

1995

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8
Q

WHO BUILT First prototype digital mammography machine

A

Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)

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9
Q

ON WHAT YEAR DID Not approved by US Food and Drug Association (FDA) OF First prototype digital mammography machine FROM THE Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)

A

1995

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10
Q

WHAT DATE GE 200D
FDA Approval:

A

1/28/2000

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11
Q

WHAT DATE Fischer SenoScan
FDA Approval:

A

9/25/2001

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12
Q

WHAT DATE Hologic Selenia
FDA Approval:

A

10/2/2002

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12
Q

WHAT DATE Fuji CR
FDA Approval:

A

7/10/2006

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13
Q

WHO Encouraged and made recommendations for funding research of digital mammography and related technologies.

A

NATIONAL DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY GROUP

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14
Q

WHO Highlighted the foundation of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST)

A

NATIONAL DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY GROUP

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15
Q

NATIONAL DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY GROUP Highlighted the foundation of the

A

American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST)

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16
Q

WHO which investigated the efficacy of digital versus analog imaging

A

American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST)

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17
Q

WHAT American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST) DID INVESTIGATED?

A

which investigated the efficacy of digital versus analog imaging

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18
Q

ON WHAT YEAR Study published
Analog Imaging found 33 cancers and missed 9
Digital found 25 and missed 17

A

in 2002

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19
Q

EARLY COMPARISONS OF ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL IMAGING
“Is digital mammography better?”
Study published in 2002
HOW MANY Analog Imaging found cancers and missed

A

Analog Imaging found 33 cancers and missed 9

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20
Q

EARLY COMPARISONS OF ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL IMAGING
“Is digital mammography better?”
Study published in 2002

HOW MANY Digital found and missed

A

Digital found 25 and missed 17

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21
Q

in use for many years missed breast cancers during the screening process

A

Digital machines

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22
Q

T OR F. Medical insurance is not reimbursed ON THE DIGTAL MACHINES

A

TRUE

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23
Q

Digital equipment is HWO MANY times more expensive than analog equipment

A

1.5 to 4 times

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24
Q

Digital equipment is 1.5 to 4 times more expensive than WHAT

A

analog equipment

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25
Q

T OR F Higher-risk device than general diagnostic x-ray digital equipment

A

TRUE

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26
Q

T OR F. Medical insurance is reimbursed ON THE DIGTAL MACHINES

A

FALSE

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27
Q

ON WHAT MONTH AND YEAR ACRIN/DMIST showed that digital imaging surpassed analog imaging when imaging a glandular breast, and the results were equal when dealing with an adipose breast.

A

September 2005

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27
Q

ON WHAT YEAR sales of digital mammography machines increased significantly

A

Mid 2006

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28
Q

who showed that digital imaging surpassed analog imaging when imaging a glandular breast, and the results were equal when dealing with an adipose breast.

A

ACRIN/DMIST

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29
Q

what happend on mid 2006

A

sales of digital mammography machines increased significantly

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30
Q

who they now had proof the new equipment is worth the additional expense

A

ACRIN/DMIST

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31
Q

acronym of ACRIN/DMIST

A

American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial

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32
Q

Validated the benefits of digital imaging such as the following:

A

Improved image quality

Decreased radiation dose

Increased productivity for mammography technologists

Postprocessing enhancements at the radiologist’s review station

Faster and more efficient interventional procedures

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33
Q

digital imaging began in what month and year

A

September 2001

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34
Q

digital imaging continued in through what year

A

2004.

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35
Q

how many women had an analog mammogram and a digital mammogram done the same day.

A

49,528 women

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36
Q

49,528 women done the same day, what did they do

A

had an analog mammogram and a digital mammogram

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37
Q

how many mammography facilities in the United States and Canada participated in the study, and all examinations were independently interpreted by two radiologists.

A

33 mammography facilities

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38
Q

33 mammography facilities in what two countries? participated in the study, and all examinations were independently interpreted by two radiologists.

A

the United States and Canada

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39
Q

33 mammography facilities in the United States and Canada participated in what? , were independently interpreted by two radiologists.

A

in the study, and all examinations

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40
Q

33 mammography facilities in the United States and Canada participated in the study, and all examinations were independently interpreted by who

A

two radiologists.

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41
Q

“How does digital mammography compare with screen–film mammography, the accepted gold standard in breast cancer detection?”
RESULTS:

A
  1. Under age 50; independent of breast tissue density
  2. Women of any age with heterogeneously (very dense) or extremely dense breast tissue
  3. Pre- or perimenopausal women of any age, or women who had their last menstrual period within 12 months of their mammogram
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42
Q

There is no apparent benefit of digital over analog imaging for women who fit all the following three criteria:

A
  1. over age 50
  2. Those who do not have heterogeneously or dense breast tissue
  3. Those no longer menstruating
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43
Q

Up to 28% more cancers were found with digital mammography than screen–film mammography in women:

A
  • Aged 50 and younger
  • Pre-menopausal women
  • Perimenopausal women
  • Women of any age who have radiographically dense breast tissue
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44
Q

ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II
Renewed in what year

A

2004

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45
Q

ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II
Renewed in 2004, ending in wha year

A

2008

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46
Q

Researchers concentrated on the cost-effectiveness of digital mammography.

A

ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II

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47
Q

on ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II
Researchers concentrated on what?

A

concentrated on the cost-effectiveness of digital mammography.

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48
Q

in ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, Medicare reimburses approximately how many percent more for a digital mammogram

A

60% more

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49
Q

ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, Medicare reimburses approximately 60% more for WHAT?

A

digital mammogram

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49
Q

ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, Where a woman has her mammogram done is where WHAT

A

where the woman will bring her family members for imaging services

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50
Q

ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, where the woman will bring her family members for imaging services

A

Where a woman has her mammogram done

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51
Q

WHY DO WE NEED DIGITAL IMAGING?

A

Digital images are dynamic

The ability to manipulate the image is what makes digital attractive

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52
Q

WHY DO WE NEED DIGITAL IMAGING?

A

An interactive image that can be explored in greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes.

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53
Q

Digital images are dynamic , An WHAT? that can be explored in greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes.

A

An interactive image

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54
Q

Digital images are dynamic
An interactive image that can be explored in WHAT

A

In greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes.

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55
Q

WHY DO WE NEED DIGITAL IMAGING?

A

It can more accurately display a structure and its relationship to its surroundings

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56
Q

For the mammography technologist, the transition from analog to digital is easy if they are WHAT

A

computer savvy.

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57
Q

WHAT IS The difficult part of learning digital

A

mastering the computer

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58
Q

WHAT ANALOG OR DIGITAL. Correcting mistakes can be time consuming especially when the error is discovered after the record has been sent to the Picture Archival Communication System (PACS)

A

Digital Imaging

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59
Q

Correcting mistakes can be time consuming in Digital Imaging, especially when the error is discovered after the record has been sent to WHERE

A

Picture Archival Communication System (PACS)

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60
Q

WHAT TO DO before beginning the imaging process or the image transfer to PACS.

A

Double check the client and image information and make corrections

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61
Q

Double check the client and image information and make corrections before WHAT

A

beginning the imaging process or the image transfer to PACS.

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62
Q

Advanced imaging techniques such asWHAT utilize the digital acquisition platform.

A

tomosynthesis and 3D reconstruction

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63
Q

They permit visualization of layers of structures inside the breast, so HWAT IT is no longer a problem for the interpreter

A

superimposition

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64
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS WHAT XRAYS DO IN THE BREAST

A

X-rays pass through the breast

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65
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Structures inside the breast attenuateWHAT

A

attenuate x-ray photons to different degrees.

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66
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
WHAT attenuate x-ray photons to different degrees.

A

Structures inside the breast

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67
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS

Each woman’s breast tissue composition produces a WHAT

A

a unique radiographic pattern depending on the percentage of adipose versus glandular tissue

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68
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS

Glandular tissue attenuates x -ray photons, thus this tissue appears WHAT

A

white on the image

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69
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS

WHAT attenuates x -ray photons, thus this tissue appears white on the image

A

Glandular tissue

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70
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS

Adipose tissue attenuates very few photons, thus this tissue appears WHAT

A

dark on the image

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71
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
WHAT attenuates very few photons, thus this tissue appears dark on the image

A

Adipose tissue

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72
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS

Breast cancers appear WHAT than normal glandular tissue because cancers attenuate most of the x-ray photons

A

“whiter”

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72
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Breast cancers appear “whiter” than WHAT because cancers attenuate most of the x-ray photons

A

normal glandular tissue

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73
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Breast cancers appear “whiter” than normal glandular tissue because OF WHAT

A

because cancers attenuate most of the x-ray photons

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74
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, Cancer is easily visualized in WHAT

A

an adiposereplaced breast

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75
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, IN WHAT finding it is a greater challenge

A

When the cancer is in fibro glandular breast tissue

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76
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, Analog and digital imaging produce a WHAT. Cancers can hide when normal tissue structures superimpose on top of and underneath a lesion

A

2D photograph of a 3D object of the breast

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77
Q

IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, Analog and digital imaging produce a 2D photograph of a 3D object of the breast. Cancers can hide when WHAT

A

when normal tissue structures superimpose on top of and underneath a lesion

78
Q

ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

A

It is cost effective.

79
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

Radiologists are experienced and familiar with WHAT

A

the process for interpreting mammograms

80
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

High-luminance mammography view boxes improve WHAT

A

improve visualization of dense glandular tissue

81
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

WHAT improve visualization of dense glandular tissue

A

High-luminance mammography view boxes

82
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

WHAT is inexpensive for referring physicians

A

Viewing films on a standard viewbox

82
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

Viewing films on a standard viewbox is WHAT

A

inexpensive for referring physicians

83
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

Analog mammography machines are mandated by WHAT to have two sizes of image receptors: 18 cm x 24 cm and 24 cm x 30 cm

A

MQSA

84
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

WHAT are mandated by MQSA to have two sizes of image receptors: 18 cm x 24 cm and 24 cm x 30 cm

A

Analog mammography machines

85
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

Analog mammography machines are mandated by MQSA to have WHAT

A

two sizes of image receptors: 18 cm x 24 cm and 24 cm x 30 cm

86
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

has superior spatial resolution/sharp image necessary to visualize microcalcifications.

A

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

Analog imaging

87
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

Analog imaging has WHAT

A

has superior spatial resolution/sharp image necessary to visualize microcalcifications.

88
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

Radiologists can easily WHAT

A

Radiologists can easily compare images done on different brands of film

88
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Difficult time identifying a cancer in WHAT

A

in dense glandular tissue

89
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

WHAT is degraded by mottle/noise from the intensifying screen, film, and processor.

A

The exceptional spatial resolution of analog imaging

90
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

The exceptional spatial resolution of analog imaging is degraded by WHAT

A

mottle/noise from the intensifying screen, film, and processor

91
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

The analog environment monitors the WHAT, and must contend with dust as well as other artifacts

A

the film processor and chemistry via daily QC

91
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

WHAT monitors the film processor and chemistry via daily QC, and must contend with dust as well as other artifacts

A

The analog environment monitors

92
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY

The analog environment monitors the film processor and chemistry via daily QC, and must WHAT

A

contend with dust as well as other artifacts

93
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ACRIN/DMIST results was the definitive work to demonstrate WHAT

A

digital’s superior imaging of the glandular breast.

94
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
WHO RECEIVE A results was the definitive work to demonstrate digital’s superior imaging of the glandular breast.

A

ACRIN/DMIST

95
Q

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Dynamic range
Radiologist can manipulate a digital image through WHAT

A

through 16,000 shades of white–gray–black

96
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON A Dynamic range
Optical densities (OD) displayed on film are limited HOW MANY SHADES OF GRAY

A

limited to 100 shades of gray

97
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Productivity
Can perform more mammograms IN HOW MANY HOURS than with analog equipment

A

per hour

98
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Darkroom and film-processing chores are WHAT

A

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

eliminated

99
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Productivity
PROCEDURES are faster

A

Interventional procedures are faster

100
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Productivity
Interventional procedures are WHAT

A

are faster

101
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Productivity
WHAT is transferred quickly and easily within the network in the department and hospital.

A

Digital image

102
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Productivity

Digital image is transferred quickly and easily within WHAT

A

within the network in the department and hospital

103
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Productivity

The goal of sending images and associated reports to many locations simultaneously is achieved with WHAT

A

with digital mammography via PACS

104
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Productivity
WHAT is achieved with digital mammography via PACS.

A

The goal of sending images and associated reports to many locations simultaneously

105
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Efficiency
The radiologist can manipulate WHAT, without destroying or losing the original image

A

the original image to examine a region of interest

106
Q

IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Efficiency
The radiologist can manipulate the original image to examine a region of interest without WHAT

A

destroying or losing the original image

107
Q

WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

A

ACRIN/DMIST results was the definitive work to demonstrate digital’s superior imaging of the glandular breast.

Dynamic range

Productivity

Efficiency

Fewer employees

Added workspace

Technological improvements

Clients demand digital mammograms

108
Q

WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

A

Cost effectiveness

A rule of thumb

Consolidation

Increased time for radiologists

Prior mammograms

Image Receptor Support Device

Monitor resolution

Digital image standardization

109
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Cost effectiveness
Digital mammography systems are HOW MANY times more costly than analog mammography systems, depending on the components and peripherals selected for the system.

A

1.5 to 4 times

110
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Cost effectiveness
Digital mammography systems are 1.5 to 4 times more costly than WHAT

A

analog mammography systems, depending on the components and peripherals selected for the system

111
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON A rule of thumb
Large capital investments require WHAT

A

increased client use, adequate reimbursement, and a timely return on investment to support and continue a service once it begins

112
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON A rule of thumb
WHAT require increased client use, adequate reimbursement, and a timely return on investment to support and continue a service once it begins

A

Large capital investments

113
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Consolidation
WHAT has an unwanted side effect Digital mammography, with its higher equipment costs and required higher client volume, cannot financially be justified in many smaller and rural facilities

A

Movement toward digital mammography

114
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Consolidation
Movement toward digital mammography has an unwanted side effect Digital mammography, with WHAT

A

with its higher equipment costs and required higher client volume, cannot financially be justified in many smaller and rural facilities

115
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Increased time for radiologists
___________ ___ ___________ of a radiologist is cut in half.

A

Initially the productivity

115
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Increased time for radiologists
Initially the productivity of a radiologist is cut in WHAT.

A

half

116
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Increased time for radiologists

As they become accustomed to softcopy reading, the time required to interpret a digital mammogram is approximately HOW MANY PERCENT longer than reading an analog examination

A

60%

117
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Increased time for radiologists

WHAT IS READING the time required to interpret a digital mammogram is approximately 60% longer than reading an analog examination

A

As they become accustomed to softcopy reading

118
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Increased time for radiologists

As they become accustomed to softcopy reading, the time required to WHAT

A

to interpret a digital mammogram is approximately 60% longer than reading an analog examination

119
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization
WHAT is the universal standard used to transfer images and data among PACS devices

A

Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)

120
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is WHAT

A

the universal standard used to transfer images and data among PACS devices

121
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization

WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN, there will undoubtedly be display issues between the older and newer equipment.

A

If you have an older brand “X” digital mammography system, and then purchase the new technologically advanced brand “Y’ unit

122
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization

If you have an older brand “X” digital mammography system, and then purchase the new technologically advanced brand “Y’ unit, there will WHAT

A

there will undoubtedly be display issues between the older and newer equipment

123
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization

WHAT is the group charged with improving the connectivity issues.

A

Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) mammography subcommittee

124
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization

Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) mammography subcommittee is the group CHARGED WITH WHAT

A

charged with improving the connectivity issues

125
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization

A STANDARD, a facility will be able to use multiple vendor equipment to produce, process, display, store, send, query, retrieve, and print images.

A

By creating the IHE Mammo Standard

126
Q

IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY

ON Digital image standardization

By creating the IHE Mammo Standard, a facility will be able to use WHAT

A

will be able to use multiple vendor equipment to produce, process, display, store, send, query, retrieve, and print images.

127
Q

WHO standardized the digital mammography

A

acrin/dmist

128
Q

WHAT mammography, sunog uuulit ulit, di saw saw

A

Analog mammography

129
Q

WHAT mammography, iaadjust lang brightness, ieedit lang

A

digital mammography

129
Q

WHAT mammography USE IN biopsy procedure FOR FASTER PROCEDURE

A

digital mammography

130
Q

AMOUNT OF funding acrin midst ON sep 2001

A

1 billion dollars

131
Q

AMOUNT OF FUNDED - renewed in 2004 ending in 2008 FOR acrinmidst study 2

A

Funded 200 bilion dollars

132
Q

ACRONYM OF ACR

A

american college of radiology

133
Q

HOW MANY PERCENT IN Acr (american college of radiology) - reimubrused IN insurance, proposed mas mataas/double charge yung singilin ng insurnace para pagandahin yung image which regard to mammograpphy machine - 55 dollars mmamogram machine, from analog to digital

A

60%

134
Q

Mas gusto yung WHAT hospital kesa clinics which regards to interpereetation, high qualityy patient care, nung time na 2004

A

tertiary hospital

135
Q

Mas gusto yung tertiary hospital kesa clinics which regards to WHAT , high qualityy patient care, nung time na 2004

A

interperetation, high qualityy patient care

136
Q

T OR F. Attenuation of xray is different from women and men

A

TRUE

137
Q

Mas gusto yung tertiary hospital kesa clinics which regards to interpereetation, high qualityy patient care, nung WHAT YEAR

A

2004

138
Q

T OR F. Attenuation of xray is not different from women and men

A

FALSE, Attenuation of xray is different from women and men

139
Q

what is the appearnce od cancer in the image

A

white

140
Q

what part is darker on the image appear

A

Adipose

141
Q

what imaging time consuming kapag nagkaroon ng error tsaka pagnasend mo sa pacs

A

digital mammography

142
Q

t or f. if can compress the breast implant

A

true

143
Q

diasadvantages of analog mammo

A

degrade spatial resolution

144
Q

in QUALITY ASSURANCE
Based on WHAT.
Attempts to improve and stabilize the entire process of patient care, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that may occur.

A

Based on patient care and consumer protection.

145
Q

QUALITY ASSURANCE
Based on patient care and consumer protection.
Attempts to improve and stabilize the entire process of patient care, to WHAT

A

to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that may occur.

146
Q

IN QA IN MAMMOGRAPHY

In WHAT YEAR, when the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was passed, this changed.

A

In 1992

146
Q

QA IN MAMMOGRAPHY
Until recently, QA programs in mammography were at the discretion of each facility.
In 1992, WHAT was passed, this changed.

A

In 1992, when the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA)

147
Q

WHAT Included the examination of equipment, films and processing, image quality, and facility personnel

A

MAMMOGRAPHY ACCREDITATION PROGRAM (MAP)

147
Q

IN QA IN MAMMOGRAPHY
WHAT, radiographic facilities were not obligated to provide mammographic testing, unless an individual state required it.

A

Before MQSA

148
Q

WHAT Highlight inconsistencies immediately and will help diagnose any problems so they can be resolved

A

QUALITY CONTROL

148
Q

WHAT are national quality standards for mammography services.

A

The MQSA final regulations

148
Q

IN MQSA

Written by WHO?, these regulations are based on MQSA of 1992 and MQSA Reauthorization of 1998. They have the force of law

A

Written by FDA

148
Q

IN QA MAMMOGRAPHY,
In WHAT YEAR, to standardize the quality of mammography and QA testing in the United States, the American College of Radiology (ACR) implemented a voluntary accreditation program for mammography facilities.

A

In 1987

149
Q

IN QA MAMMOGRAPHY, Before MQSA, radiographic facilities were not obligated to provide mammographic testing, unless an individual state required it.
In 1987, to standardize the quality of mammography and QA testing in the WHAT PLACE AND COLLEGE implemented a voluntary accreditation program for mammography facilities.

A

United States, the American College of Radiology (ACR)

149
Q

WHAT Emphasizes the testing necessary to uncover defects, and establishes tolerance levels for adequate performance of equipment

A

QUALITY CONTROL

150
Q

WWHAT This was a major breakthrough in standardizing the quality of mammography

A

MQSA

150
Q

IN MQSA

The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the Federal Register in WHAT MONH AND YEAR and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.

A

October 1997

150
Q

WHAT It has been implemented in stages to enable all facilities to establish the QA programs and the documentation necessary to perform mammography under federal law.

A

MQSA

150
Q

IN MQSA
WHAT were published in the Federal Register in October 1997 and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.

A

The Final Rules for MQSA

150
Q

IN MQSA

The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the Federal Register in October 1997 and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by WHO.

A

physicists

150
Q

IN MQSA

The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the WHAT in October 1997 and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.

A

Federal Register

150
Q

IN MQSA

The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the Federal Register in October 1997 and became effective in WHAT MONTH AND YEAR with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.

A

April 1999

151
Q

BI-RADS Assessment Categories

A

CATEGORY 0
Need Additional Imaging Evaluation and/or Prior Mammograms

CATEGORY 1 Negative
There is nothing to comment on. The breasts are symmetric, and no masses, architectural distortion, or suspicious calcifications are present.

CATEGORY 2 Benign Findings
Like Category 1, this is a “normal” assessment, but here, the interpreter chooses to describe a benign finding in the mammography report.

CATEGORY 3 Benign Finding—Initial Short-Interval FollowUp Suggested
finding placed in this category should have less than a 2% risk of malignancy

CATEGORY 4 Suspicious Abnormality—Biopsy Should Be Considered
This category is reserved for findings that do not have the classic appearance of malignancy but have a wide range probability of malignancy that is greater than those in Category 3.
Most recommendations of breast interventional procedures will be placed within this category

CATEGORY 5 Highly Suggestive of Malignancy— Appropriate Action Should Be Taken
These lesions have a high probability (95%) of being cancer.
This category contains lesions for which one-stage surgical treatment could be considered without preliminary biopsy

CATEGORY 6 Known Biopsy—Proven Malignancy— Appropriate Action Should Be Taken
This category is reserved for lesions identified on the imaging study with biopsy proof of malignancy prior to definitive therapy

151
Q

IN MQSA

Written by FDA, these regulations are based on WHO AND WHAT AND WHAT YEAR. They have the force of law

A

based on MQSA of 1992 and MQSA Reauthorization of 1998

151
Q

IN POLICY AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES
RECORD KEEPING
According to MQSA, patient films and reports must be retained for HOW MANY years.

A

at least 5 years.

152
Q

IN MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE
All pieces of equipment used to obtain and/or read the radiograph must be WHAT

A

must be tested and maintained to ensure they perform optimally.

152
Q

IN ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
WHO must be established to determine who will perform each test, to whom these individuals will report, who will maintain the written records, who will determine corrective actions, and so on.

A

QA committee

152
Q

IN ASSIGNMENT OF RESOPSIBILITY
WHO is usually responsible for the QA program as a whole

A

radiation safety officer RSO

153
Q

IN RECORD KEEPING

MQSA requires specific wording to be used in the final assessment, but ACR has taken this a step further and developed the WHAT

A

the Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS®).

153
Q

IN EQUIPMENT TESTING

The physicist and the technologist perform all of the QC tests, and the results must WHAT

A

must be reviewed quarterly by the radiologist.

153
Q

Ensures that the delicate chemical balance used for processing films remains consistent.

A

SENSITOMETRY

153
Q

IN SENSITOMETRY

WHAT must be performed daily and before clinical films are processed to obtain an accurate assessment of the consistency of processing quality

A

Sensitometry testing of the processor

153
Q

Not a mandatory test but cleaning the darkroom should be done to reduce artifacts on images; cleaning must be documented as completed each day.

A

DARKROOM CLEANLINESS

153
Q

IN ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
Some facilities may designated, WHO should be a member of the QA committee.

A

a radiation safety officer (RSO)

153
Q

IN COMPRESSION CHECK

According to MQSA, a compression force of at least HOW MANY is necessary for a unit to obtain good-quality images. For patient safety, the maximum amount of force allowed by MQSA is 47 pounds (209 Newtons).

A

at least 25 pounds (111 Newtons)

153
Q

IN TRAINING
WHATshould be set for the required training of the technologists and radiologists who will be examining the patient.

A

Policies and standards

153
Q

IN IN COMPRESSION CHECK

According to MQSA, a compression force of at least 25 pounds (111 Newtons) is necessary for a unit to obtain good-quality images. For patient safety, the maximum amount of force allowed by MQSA is HOW MANY

A

47 pounds (209 Newtons).

153
Q

A complete QA program consists of the following:

A
  • standards of performance,
  • equipment testing,
  • documentation of personnel training and continuing education,
  • and review of the facility’s quality.
153
Q

IN EQUIPMENT TESTING
The most time-consuming component of a QA program is the testing performed on the equipment, also known as WHAT.

A

QC

153
Q

SENSITOMETRY
also known as WHAT

A

processor QC

153
Q

Evaluating images from a given unit over time can supply much information about resolution, density changes, contrast, unit output discrepancies, and tube degeneration

A

PHANTOM IMAGING

153
Q

WHO Suggests standardized terminology for mammographic findings and assigned category numbers for the assessments.

A

Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS®)

153
Q

These assessment categories can then be used as an aid in performance of the medical audit

A

Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS®)

153
Q

WHAT, usually used by accrediting bodies, is a square acrylic block with a wax insert containing simulated masses, fibrils, and calcium specks of varying sizes.

A

The mammographic phantom

154
Q

IN MANUALS

Along with considerations for radiation safety and quality, medical facilities also need to address safety standards for employees and biohazards as indicated by WHO

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

154
Q

also known as processor QC

A

SENSITOMETRY

154
Q

IN EQUIPMENT TESTING

WHO perform all of the QC tests, and the results must be reviewed quarterly by the radiologist.

A

The physicist and the technologist

154
Q

One of the most important aspects of a QA program is WHAT

A

phantom imaging

154
Q

IN SENSITOMETRY

WHAT can be a challenge to achieve and maintain balance.

A

Current ultrasensitive and high-contrast films

154
Q

IN SENSITOMETRY

Sensitometry testing of the processor must be performed daily and before clinical films are processed to WHAT

A

to obtain an accurate assessment of the consistency of processing quality

154
Q

IN DARKROOM INTEGRITY AND FOG TEST

WHAT caused by incidental exposure to white light will reduce the contrast of the film.

A

Fogging of mammographic film

154
Q

IN The Mammography Phantom

The phantom approximates a breast of WHAT THICKNESS, which is considered the average size of a compressed breast

A

The phantom approximates a breast of 4.5 cm thickness

154
Q

WHA ARE THE PHYSICIST’S TESTS

A

Automatic Exposure Control Performance

Kilovolt Peak Accuracy and Reproducibility

Focal Spot Condition

Beam Quality Assessment (Half-Value Layer)

AEC Reproducibility and Breast Entrance Air Kerma

Dosimetry (Average Glandular Dose)

X-ray Field/Light Field/Image Receptor/ Compression

Paddle Alignment

Uniformity of Screen Speed

System Artifacts

Radiation Output

MAMMO (2 decks)

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