MIDTERM Flashcards
1
Q
ON WHAT YEAR DID National Cancer Institute convened a group of experts to review the current methods of breast cancer detection and to identify new and effective technologies.
A
1991
2
Q
WHO convened a group of experts to review the current methods of breast cancer detection and to identify new and effective technologies.
A
National Cancer Institute
3
Q
ON 1991 WHAT WORKSHO PBUILT
A
“Breast Imaging: State of the Art and Technologies of the Future.”
4
Q
ON WHAT YEAR Workshop: “Breast Imaging: State of the Art and Technologies of the Future.”
A
1991
5
Q
ON WHAT YEAR Formation of the National Digital Mammography Group
A
1991
6
Q
ON 1991, WHAT GROUP FORMED FOR MAMMOGRAPHY
A
National Digital Mammography Group
7
Q
WHAT YEAR DID Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) First prototype digital mammography machine
A
1995
8
Q
WHO BUILT First prototype digital mammography machine
A
Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)
9
Q
ON WHAT YEAR DID Not approved by US Food and Drug Association (FDA) OF First prototype digital mammography machine FROM THE Radiological Society of North America (RSNA)
A
1995
10
Q
WHAT DATE GE 200D
FDA Approval:
A
1/28/2000
11
Q
WHAT DATE Fischer SenoScan
FDA Approval:
A
9/25/2001
12
Q
WHAT DATE Hologic Selenia
FDA Approval:
A
10/2/2002
12
Q
WHAT DATE Fuji CR
FDA Approval:
A
7/10/2006
13
Q
WHO Encouraged and made recommendations for funding research of digital mammography and related technologies.
A
NATIONAL DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY GROUP
14
Q
WHO Highlighted the foundation of the American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST)
A
NATIONAL DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY GROUP
15
Q
NATIONAL DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY GROUP Highlighted the foundation of the
A
American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST)
16
Q
WHO which investigated the efficacy of digital versus analog imaging
A
American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST)
17
Q
WHAT American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (ACRIN/DMIST) DID INVESTIGATED?
A
which investigated the efficacy of digital versus analog imaging
18
Q
ON WHAT YEAR Study published
Analog Imaging found 33 cancers and missed 9
Digital found 25 and missed 17
A
in 2002
19
Q
EARLY COMPARISONS OF ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL IMAGING
“Is digital mammography better?”
Study published in 2002
HOW MANY Analog Imaging found cancers and missed
A
Analog Imaging found 33 cancers and missed 9
20
Q
EARLY COMPARISONS OF ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL IMAGING
“Is digital mammography better?”
Study published in 2002
HOW MANY Digital found and missed
A
Digital found 25 and missed 17
21
Q
in use for many years missed breast cancers during the screening process
A
Digital machines
22
Q
T OR F. Medical insurance is not reimbursed ON THE DIGTAL MACHINES
A
TRUE
23
Q
Digital equipment is HWO MANY times more expensive than analog equipment
A
1.5 to 4 times
24
Digital equipment is 1.5 to 4 times more expensive than WHAT
analog equipment
25
T OR F Higher-risk device than general diagnostic x-ray digital equipment
TRUE
26
T OR F. Medical insurance is reimbursed ON THE DIGTAL MACHINES
FALSE
27
ON WHAT MONTH AND YEAR ACRIN/DMIST showed that digital imaging surpassed analog imaging when imaging a glandular breast, and the results were equal when dealing with an adipose breast.
September 2005
27
ON WHAT YEAR sales of digital mammography machines increased significantly
Mid 2006
28
who showed that digital imaging surpassed analog imaging when imaging a glandular breast, and the results were equal when dealing with an adipose breast.
ACRIN/DMIST
29
what happend on mid 2006
sales of digital mammography machines increased significantly
30
who they now had proof the new equipment is worth the additional expense
ACRIN/DMIST
31
acronym of ACRIN/DMIST
American College of Radiology Imaging Network/Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial
32
Validated the benefits of digital imaging such as the following:
Improved image quality
Decreased radiation dose
Increased productivity for mammography technologists
Postprocessing enhancements at the radiologist’s review station
Faster and more efficient interventional procedures
33
digital imaging began in what month and year
September 2001
34
digital imaging continued in through what year
2004.
35
how many women had an analog mammogram and a digital mammogram done the same day.
49,528 women
36
49,528 women done the same day, what did they do
had an analog mammogram and a digital mammogram
37
how many mammography facilities in the United States and Canada participated in the study, and all examinations were independently interpreted by two radiologists.
33 mammography facilities
38
33 mammography facilities in what two countries? participated in the study, and all examinations were independently interpreted by two radiologists.
the United States and Canada
39
33 mammography facilities in the United States and Canada participated in what? , were independently interpreted by two radiologists.
in the study, and all examinations
40
33 mammography facilities in the United States and Canada participated in the study, and all examinations were independently interpreted by who
two radiologists.
41
“How does digital mammography compare with screen–film mammography, the accepted gold standard in breast cancer detection?”
RESULTS:
1. Under age 50; independent of breast tissue density
2. Women of any age with heterogeneously (very dense) or extremely dense breast tissue
3. Pre- or perimenopausal women of any age, or women who had their last menstrual period within 12 months of their mammogram
42
There is no apparent benefit of digital over analog imaging for women who fit all the following three criteria:
1. over age 50
2. Those who do not have heterogeneously or dense breast tissue
3. Those no longer menstruating
43
Up to 28% more cancers were found with digital mammography than screen–film mammography in women:
- Aged 50 and younger
- Pre-menopausal women
- Perimenopausal women
- Women of any age who have radiographically dense breast tissue
44
ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II
Renewed in what year
2004
45
ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II
Renewed in 2004, ending in wha year
2008
46
Researchers concentrated on the cost-effectiveness of digital mammography.
ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II
47
on ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II
Researchers concentrated on what?
concentrated on the cost-effectiveness of digital mammography.
48
in ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, Medicare reimburses approximately how many percent more for a digital mammogram
60% more
49
ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, Medicare reimburses approximately 60% more for WHAT?
digital mammogram
49
ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, Where a woman has her mammogram done is where WHAT
where the woman will bring her family members for imaging services
50
ACRIN/DMIST STUDY II, where the woman will bring her family members for imaging services
Where a woman has her mammogram done
51
WHY DO WE NEED DIGITAL IMAGING?
Digital images are dynamic
The ability to manipulate the image is what makes digital attractive
52
WHY DO WE NEED DIGITAL IMAGING?
An interactive image that can be explored in greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes.
53
Digital images are dynamic , An WHAT? that can be explored in greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes.
An interactive image
54
Digital images are dynamic
An interactive image that can be explored in WHAT
In greater detail, seen in various lighting, stored in its original form, and modified to serve many purposes.
55
WHY DO WE NEED DIGITAL IMAGING?
It can more accurately display a structure and its relationship to its surroundings
56
For the mammography technologist, the transition from analog to digital is easy if they are WHAT
computer savvy.
57
WHAT IS The difficult part of learning digital
mastering the computer
58
WHAT ANALOG OR DIGITAL. Correcting mistakes can be time consuming especially when the error is discovered after the record has been sent to the Picture Archival Communication System (PACS)
Digital Imaging
59
Correcting mistakes can be time consuming in Digital Imaging, especially when the error is discovered after the record has been sent to WHERE
Picture Archival Communication System (PACS)
60
WHAT TO DO before beginning the imaging process or the image transfer to PACS.
Double check the client and image information and make corrections
61
Double check the client and image information and make corrections before WHAT
beginning the imaging process or the image transfer to PACS.
62
Advanced imaging techniques such asWHAT utilize the digital acquisition platform.
tomosynthesis and 3D reconstruction
63
They permit visualization of layers of structures inside the breast, so HWAT IT is no longer a problem for the interpreter
superimposition
64
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS WHAT XRAYS DO IN THE BREAST
X-rays pass through the breast
65
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Structures inside the breast attenuateWHAT
attenuate x-ray photons to different degrees.
66
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
WHAT attenuate x-ray photons to different degrees.
Structures inside the breast
67
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Each woman’s breast tissue composition produces a WHAT
a unique radiographic pattern depending on the percentage of adipose versus glandular tissue
68
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Glandular tissue attenuates x -ray photons, thus this tissue appears WHAT
white on the image
69
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
WHAT attenuates x -ray photons, thus this tissue appears white on the image
Glandular tissue
70
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Adipose tissue attenuates very few photons, thus this tissue appears WHAT
dark on the image
71
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
WHAT attenuates very few photons, thus this tissue appears dark on the image
Adipose tissue
72
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Breast cancers appear WHAT than normal glandular tissue because cancers attenuate most of the x-ray photons
“whiter”
72
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Breast cancers appear “whiter” than WHAT because cancers attenuate most of the x-ray photons
normal glandular tissue
73
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS
Breast cancers appear “whiter” than normal glandular tissue because OF WHAT
because cancers attenuate most of the x-ray photons
74
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, Cancer is easily visualized in WHAT
an adiposereplaced breast
75
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, IN WHAT finding it is a greater challenge
When the cancer is in fibro glandular breast tissue
76
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, Analog and digital imaging produce a WHAT. Cancers can hide when normal tissue structures superimpose on top of and underneath a lesion
2D photograph of a 3D object of the breast
77
IN ANALOG AND DIGITAL IMAGING BASIC CONCEPTS, Analog and digital imaging produce a 2D photograph of a 3D object of the breast. Cancers can hide when WHAT
when normal tissue structures superimpose on top of and underneath a lesion
78
ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
It is cost effective.
79
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Radiologists are experienced and familiar with WHAT
the process for interpreting mammograms
80
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
High-luminance mammography view boxes improve WHAT
improve visualization of dense glandular tissue
81
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
WHAT improve visualization of dense glandular tissue
High-luminance mammography view boxes
82
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
WHAT is inexpensive for referring physicians
Viewing films on a standard viewbox
82
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Viewing films on a standard viewbox is WHAT
inexpensive for referring physicians
83
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Analog mammography machines are mandated by WHAT to have two sizes of image receptors: 18 cm x 24 cm and 24 cm x 30 cm
MQSA
84
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
WHAT are mandated by MQSA to have two sizes of image receptors: 18 cm x 24 cm and 24 cm x 30 cm
Analog mammography machines
85
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Analog mammography machines are mandated by MQSA to have WHAT
two sizes of image receptors: 18 cm x 24 cm and 24 cm x 30 cm
86
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
has superior spatial resolution/sharp image necessary to visualize microcalcifications.
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Analog imaging
87
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Analog imaging has WHAT
has superior spatial resolution/sharp image necessary to visualize microcalcifications.
88
IN ADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Radiologists can easily WHAT
Radiologists can easily compare images done on different brands of film
88
IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
Difficult time identifying a cancer in WHAT
in dense glandular tissue
89
IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
WHAT is degraded by mottle/noise from the intensifying screen, film, and processor.
The exceptional spatial resolution of analog imaging
90
IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
The exceptional spatial resolution of analog imaging is degraded by WHAT
mottle/noise from the intensifying screen, film, and processor
91
IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
The analog environment monitors the WHAT, and must contend with dust as well as other artifacts
the film processor and chemistry via daily QC
91
IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
WHAT monitors the film processor and chemistry via daily QC, and must contend with dust as well as other artifacts
The analog environment monitors
92
IN DISADVANTAGES OF ANALOG MAMMOGRAPHY
The analog environment monitors the film processor and chemistry via daily QC, and must WHAT
contend with dust as well as other artifacts
93
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ACRIN/DMIST results was the definitive work to demonstrate WHAT
digital’s superior imaging of the glandular breast.
94
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
WHO RECEIVE A results was the definitive work to demonstrate digital’s superior imaging of the glandular breast.
ACRIN/DMIST
95
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Dynamic range
Radiologist can manipulate a digital image through WHAT
through 16,000 shades of white–gray–black
96
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON A Dynamic range
Optical densities (OD) displayed on film are limited HOW MANY SHADES OF GRAY
limited to 100 shades of gray
97
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Productivity
Can perform more mammograms IN HOW MANY HOURS than with analog equipment
per hour
98
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Darkroom and film-processing chores are WHAT
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
eliminated
99
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Productivity
PROCEDURES are faster
Interventional procedures are faster
100
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Productivity
Interventional procedures are WHAT
are faster
101
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Productivity
WHAT is transferred quickly and easily within the network in the department and hospital.
Digital image
102
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Productivity
Digital image is transferred quickly and easily within WHAT
within the network in the department and hospital
103
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Productivity
The goal of sending images and associated reports to many locations simultaneously is achieved with WHAT
with digital mammography via PACS
104
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Productivity
WHAT is achieved with digital mammography via PACS.
The goal of sending images and associated reports to many locations simultaneously
105
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Efficiency
The radiologist can manipulate WHAT, without destroying or losing the original image
the original image to examine a region of interest
106
IN ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Efficiency
The radiologist can manipulate the original image to examine a region of interest without WHAT
destroying or losing the original image
107
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ACRIN/DMIST results was the definitive work to demonstrate digital’s superior imaging of the glandular breast.
Dynamic range
Productivity
Efficiency
Fewer employees
Added workspace
Technological improvements
Clients demand digital mammograms
108
WHAT ARE DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
Cost effectiveness
A rule of thumb
Consolidation
Increased time for radiologists
Prior mammograms
Image Receptor Support Device
Monitor resolution
Digital image standardization
109
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Cost effectiveness
Digital mammography systems are HOW MANY times more costly than analog mammography systems, depending on the components and peripherals selected for the system.
1.5 to 4 times
110
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Cost effectiveness
Digital mammography systems are 1.5 to 4 times more costly than WHAT
analog mammography systems, depending on the components and peripherals selected for the system
111
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON A rule of thumb
Large capital investments require WHAT
increased client use, adequate reimbursement, and a timely return on investment to support and continue a service once it begins
112
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON A rule of thumb
WHAT require increased client use, adequate reimbursement, and a timely return on investment to support and continue a service once it begins
Large capital investments
113
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Consolidation
WHAT has an unwanted side effect Digital mammography, with its higher equipment costs and required higher client volume, cannot financially be justified in many smaller and rural facilities
Movement toward digital mammography
114
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Consolidation
Movement toward digital mammography has an unwanted side effect Digital mammography, with WHAT
with its higher equipment costs and required higher client volume, cannot financially be justified in many smaller and rural facilities
115
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Increased time for radiologists
___________ ___ ___________ of a radiologist is cut in half.
Initially the productivity
115
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Increased time for radiologists
Initially the productivity of a radiologist is cut in WHAT.
half
116
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Increased time for radiologists
As they become accustomed to softcopy reading, the time required to interpret a digital mammogram is approximately HOW MANY PERCENT longer than reading an analog examination
60%
117
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Increased time for radiologists
WHAT IS READING the time required to interpret a digital mammogram is approximately 60% longer than reading an analog examination
As they become accustomed to softcopy reading
118
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Increased time for radiologists
As they become accustomed to softcopy reading, the time required to WHAT
to interpret a digital mammogram is approximately 60% longer than reading an analog examination
119
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
WHAT is the universal standard used to transfer images and data among PACS devices
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)
120
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) is WHAT
the universal standard used to transfer images and data among PACS devices
121
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
WHAT WILL HAPPEN WHEN, there will undoubtedly be display issues between the older and newer equipment.
If you have an older brand “X” digital mammography system, and then purchase the new technologically advanced brand “Y’ unit
122
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
If you have an older brand “X” digital mammography system, and then purchase the new technologically advanced brand “Y’ unit, there will WHAT
there will undoubtedly be display issues between the older and newer equipment
123
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
WHAT is the group charged with improving the connectivity issues.
Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) mammography subcommittee
124
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) mammography subcommittee is the group CHARGED WITH WHAT
charged with improving the connectivity issues
125
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
A STANDARD, a facility will be able to use multiple vendor equipment to produce, process, display, store, send, query, retrieve, and print images.
By creating the IHE Mammo Standard
126
IN DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
ON Digital image standardization
By creating the IHE Mammo Standard, a facility will be able to use WHAT
will be able to use multiple vendor equipment to produce, process, display, store, send, query, retrieve, and print images.
127
WHO standardized the digital mammography
acrin/dmist
128
WHAT mammography, sunog uuulit ulit, di saw saw
Analog mammography
129
WHAT mammography, iaadjust lang brightness, ieedit lang
digital mammography
129
WHAT mammography USE IN biopsy procedure FOR FASTER PROCEDURE
digital mammography
130
AMOUNT OF funding acrin midst ON sep 2001
1 billion dollars
131
AMOUNT OF FUNDED - renewed in 2004 ending in 2008 FOR acrinmidst study 2
Funded 200 bilion dollars
132
ACRONYM OF ACR
american college of radiology
133
HOW MANY PERCENT IN Acr (american college of radiology) - reimubrused IN insurance, proposed mas mataas/double charge yung singilin ng insurnace para pagandahin yung image which regard to mammograpphy machine - 55 dollars mmamogram machine, from analog to digital
60%
134
Mas gusto yung WHAT hospital kesa clinics which regards to interpereetation, high qualityy patient care, nung time na 2004
tertiary hospital
135
Mas gusto yung tertiary hospital kesa clinics which regards to WHAT , high qualityy patient care, nung time na 2004
interperetation, high qualityy patient care
136
T OR F. Attenuation of xray is different from women and men
TRUE
137
Mas gusto yung tertiary hospital kesa clinics which regards to interpereetation, high qualityy patient care, nung WHAT YEAR
2004
138
T OR F. Attenuation of xray is not different from women and men
FALSE, Attenuation of xray is different from women and men
139
what is the appearnce od cancer in the image
white
140
what part is darker on the image appear
Adipose
141
what imaging time consuming kapag nagkaroon ng error tsaka pagnasend mo sa pacs
digital mammography
142
t or f. if can compress the breast implant
true
143
diasadvantages of analog mammo
degrade spatial resolution
144
in QUALITY ASSURANCE
Based on WHAT.
Attempts to improve and stabilize the entire process of patient care, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that may occur.
Based on patient care and consumer protection.
145
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Based on patient care and consumer protection.
Attempts to improve and stabilize the entire process of patient care, to WHAT
to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that may occur.
146
IN QA IN MAMMOGRAPHY
In WHAT YEAR, when the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA) was passed, this changed.
In 1992
146
QA IN MAMMOGRAPHY
Until recently, QA programs in mammography were at the discretion of each facility.
In 1992, WHAT was passed, this changed.
In 1992, when the Mammography Quality Standards Act (MQSA)
147
WHAT Included the examination of equipment, films and processing, image quality, and facility personnel
MAMMOGRAPHY ACCREDITATION PROGRAM (MAP)
147
IN QA IN MAMMOGRAPHY
WHAT, radiographic facilities were not obligated to provide mammographic testing, unless an individual state required it.
Before MQSA
148
WHAT Highlight inconsistencies immediately and will help diagnose any problems so they can be resolved
QUALITY CONTROL
148
WHAT are national quality standards for mammography services.
The MQSA final regulations
148
IN MQSA
Written by WHO?, these regulations are based on MQSA of 1992 and MQSA Reauthorization of 1998. They have the force of law
Written by FDA
148
IN QA MAMMOGRAPHY,
In WHAT YEAR, to standardize the quality of mammography and QA testing in the United States, the American College of Radiology (ACR) implemented a voluntary accreditation program for mammography facilities.
In 1987
149
IN QA MAMMOGRAPHY, Before MQSA, radiographic facilities were not obligated to provide mammographic testing, unless an individual state required it.
In 1987, to standardize the quality of mammography and QA testing in the WHAT PLACE AND COLLEGE implemented a voluntary accreditation program for mammography facilities.
United States, the American College of Radiology (ACR)
149
WHAT Emphasizes the testing necessary to uncover defects, and establishes tolerance levels for adequate performance of equipment
QUALITY CONTROL
150
WWHAT This was a major breakthrough in standardizing the quality of mammography
MQSA
150
IN MQSA
The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the Federal Register in WHAT MONH AND YEAR and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.
October 1997
150
WHAT It has been implemented in stages to enable all facilities to establish the QA programs and the documentation necessary to perform mammography under federal law.
MQSA
150
IN MQSA
WHAT were published in the Federal Register in October 1997 and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.
The Final Rules for MQSA
150
IN MQSA
The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the Federal Register in October 1997 and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by WHO.
physicists
150
IN MQSA
The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the WHAT in October 1997 and became effective in April 1999 with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.
Federal Register
150
IN MQSA
The Final Rules for MQSA were published in the Federal Register in October 1997 and became effective in WHAT MONTH AND YEAR with some exceptions, including some of the testing by physicists.
April 1999
151
BI-RADS Assessment Categories
CATEGORY 0
Need Additional Imaging Evaluation and/or Prior Mammograms
CATEGORY 1 Negative
There is nothing to comment on. The breasts are symmetric, and no masses, architectural distortion, or suspicious calcifications are present.
CATEGORY 2 Benign Findings
Like Category 1, this is a “normal” assessment, but here, the interpreter chooses to describe a benign finding in the mammography report.
CATEGORY 3 Benign Finding—Initial Short-Interval FollowUp Suggested
finding placed in this category should have less than a 2% risk of malignancy
CATEGORY 4 Suspicious Abnormality—Biopsy Should Be Considered
This category is reserved for findings that do not have the classic appearance of malignancy but have a wide range probability of malignancy that is greater than those in Category 3.
Most recommendations of breast interventional procedures will be placed within this category
CATEGORY 5 Highly Suggestive of Malignancy— Appropriate Action Should Be Taken
These lesions have a high probability (95%) of being cancer.
This category contains lesions for which one-stage surgical treatment could be considered without preliminary biopsy
CATEGORY 6 Known Biopsy—Proven Malignancy— Appropriate Action Should Be Taken
This category is reserved for lesions identified on the imaging study with biopsy proof of malignancy prior to definitive therapy
151
IN MQSA
Written by FDA, these regulations are based on WHO AND WHAT AND WHAT YEAR. They have the force of law
based on MQSA of 1992 and MQSA Reauthorization of 1998
151
IN POLICY AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES
RECORD KEEPING
According to MQSA, patient films and reports must be retained for HOW MANY years.
at least 5 years.
152
IN MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE
All pieces of equipment used to obtain and/or read the radiograph must be WHAT
must be tested and maintained to ensure they perform optimally.
152
IN ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
WHO must be established to determine who will perform each test, to whom these individuals will report, who will maintain the written records, who will determine corrective actions, and so on.
QA committee
152
IN ASSIGNMENT OF RESOPSIBILITY
WHO is usually responsible for the QA program as a whole
radiation safety officer RSO
153
IN RECORD KEEPING
MQSA requires specific wording to be used in the final assessment, but ACR has taken this a step further and developed the WHAT
the Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS®).
153
IN EQUIPMENT TESTING
The physicist and the technologist perform all of the QC tests, and the results must WHAT
must be reviewed quarterly by the radiologist.
153
Ensures that the delicate chemical balance used for processing films remains consistent.
SENSITOMETRY
153
IN SENSITOMETRY
WHAT must be performed daily and before clinical films are processed to obtain an accurate assessment of the consistency of processing quality
Sensitometry testing of the processor
153
Not a mandatory test but cleaning the darkroom should be done to reduce artifacts on images; cleaning must be documented as completed each day.
DARKROOM CLEANLINESS
153
IN ASSIGNMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
Some facilities may designated, WHO should be a member of the QA committee.
a radiation safety officer (RSO)
153
IN COMPRESSION CHECK
According to MQSA, a compression force of at least HOW MANY is necessary for a unit to obtain good-quality images. For patient safety, the maximum amount of force allowed by MQSA is 47 pounds (209 Newtons).
at least 25 pounds (111 Newtons)
153
IN TRAINING
WHATshould be set for the required training of the technologists and radiologists who will be examining the patient.
Policies and standards
153
IN IN COMPRESSION CHECK
According to MQSA, a compression force of at least 25 pounds (111 Newtons) is necessary for a unit to obtain good-quality images. For patient safety, the maximum amount of force allowed by MQSA is HOW MANY
47 pounds (209 Newtons).
153
A complete QA program consists of the following:
- standards of performance,
- equipment testing,
- documentation of personnel training and continuing education,
- and review of the facility’s quality.
153
IN EQUIPMENT TESTING
The most time-consuming component of a QA program is the testing performed on the equipment, also known as WHAT.
QC
153
SENSITOMETRY
also known as WHAT
processor QC
153
Evaluating images from a given unit over time can supply much information about resolution, density changes, contrast, unit output discrepancies, and tube degeneration
PHANTOM IMAGING
153
WHO Suggests standardized terminology for mammographic findings and assigned category numbers for the assessments.
Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS®)
153
These assessment categories can then be used as an aid in performance of the medical audit
Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System (BI-RADS®)
153
WHAT, usually used by accrediting bodies, is a square acrylic block with a wax insert containing simulated masses, fibrils, and calcium specks of varying sizes.
The mammographic phantom
154
IN MANUALS
Along with considerations for radiation safety and quality, medical facilities also need to address safety standards for employees and biohazards as indicated by WHO
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
154
also known as processor QC
SENSITOMETRY
154
IN EQUIPMENT TESTING
WHO perform all of the QC tests, and the results must be reviewed quarterly by the radiologist.
The physicist and the technologist
154
One of the most important aspects of a QA program is WHAT
phantom imaging
154
IN SENSITOMETRY
WHAT can be a challenge to achieve and maintain balance.
Current ultrasensitive and high-contrast films
154
IN SENSITOMETRY
Sensitometry testing of the processor must be performed daily and before clinical films are processed to WHAT
to obtain an accurate assessment of the consistency of processing quality
154
IN DARKROOM INTEGRITY AND FOG TEST
WHAT caused by incidental exposure to white light will reduce the contrast of the film.
Fogging of mammographic film
154
IN The Mammography Phantom
The phantom approximates a breast of WHAT THICKNESS, which is considered the average size of a compressed breast
The phantom approximates a breast of 4.5 cm thickness
154
WHA ARE THE PHYSICIST’S TESTS
Automatic Exposure Control Performance
Kilovolt Peak Accuracy and Reproducibility
Focal Spot Condition
Beam Quality Assessment (Half-Value Layer)
AEC Reproducibility and Breast Entrance Air Kerma
Dosimetry (Average Glandular Dose)
X-ray Field/Light Field/Image Receptor/ Compression
Paddle Alignment
Uniformity of Screen Speed
System Artifacts
Radiation Output
