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mammography > Prelim > Flashcards

Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized procedure that uses low dose of radiation to examine the breast for early detection of cancer

A

Mammography

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2
Q

A berlin pathologist observed micro-calcification in breast carcinomas

A

1913, A. Solomon

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3
Q

First attempt to use mammography as radiographic examination of the breast

A

1920

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4
Q

He published on radiographic appearance of the normal breast with age. Concluded that improvement in technique was needed for clinical use

A

1938, J. Gershon-cohen

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5
Q

Father of modern mammography promoted mammography as an effective method of cancer diagnosis. And demonstrated the use of low kVp

A

1960, Robert Egan

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6
Q

Two types of mammography

A
  1. Diagnostice mammography
  2. Screening mammography
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7
Q

Women 40 and older, annual mammogram screening, asymptomatic px

A

Screening mammogram

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8
Q

Recall from screening, symptomatic px, and cancer px

A

Diagnostic mammogram

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9
Q

Organ of milk production, consist of 15-20 lobes or compartments, separated by a variable amount of adipose tissue

A

Mammary glands

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10
Q

A circular, pigmented area called the?

A

Areola

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11
Q

Composed of grapelike clusters of milk-secreting gland termed alveoli

A

Lobules

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12
Q

Smooth muscle around the glands contracts, uterus muscle contracts during labor

A

Oxytocin

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13
Q

Milk (nursing period)

A

Prolactin

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14
Q

Also known as morgagni tubercles, elevation formed by the openings of the ducts of the __, small bumps in the areola, protects nipple from dryness, scent helps baby find breasts.

A

Montgomery glands

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15
Q

Screte oily substance following pregnancy (Apocrine)

A

Sebaceous gland

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16
Q

Produces milk after childbirth (Eccrine)

A

Sudoriferous gland (Lactiferous) Gland

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17
Q

An extension of the tissue of the breast that extend into the axilla

A

Tail of spence (spence’s tail, axillary tail)

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18
Q

Band of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue that shape and support your breasts, these ligaments help maintain the shape and structural integrity of your breasts.

A

Copper ligaments

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19
Q

Space between the posterior margin of the mammary layer and the pectoral muscle, This layer allows movement of the breast over the chest wall. Contains a thin layer of fat (increase with age and pregnancy)

A

Retromammary space

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20
Q

Vertically: Lies between 2nd-6th ribs Horizontally: lateral border of the sternum and midaxillary line

A

Pectoral muscle

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21
Q

2/3 of the base lies on the pectoralis muscle while its inferolateral 1/3 lies on

A

Serratus anterior and external muscle oblique

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22
Q

3 breast tissue

A

Fiborus tissue, glandular or connective tissue, adipose or fatty tissue

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23
Q

4 breasts anomalys

A

Asymmetry
• Inverted Nipples
• Accessory Nipples
• (Others)

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24
Q

Occurs when one breast has a different size, volume, position or form from the other

A

Asymmetry

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25
Q

Can occur anywhere along the mammary ridge, occurs in 2% of the population, treatment is by simple exicision.

A

Polythelia (accessory nipples)

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26
Q

Commonly in axilla, can be associated with polythelia, treatment is by direct excision and liposuction

A

Polymastia

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27
Q

condition of overdevelopment or enlargement of the breast tissue in men or boys. The breasts become larger. They may grow unevenly.

A

Gynecomastia

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28
Q

This is a normal variant, but new onset may represent malignancy or infection Can be corrected for cosmetic purposes however this may lead to the inability to breast feed. Some inverted nipples can be corrected as well during childbirth or during the pregnancy period

A

Nipple inversion

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29
Q

5 clinical breast changes

A

Lumps, swelling, dimpling, skin irritation, pain

30
Q

Lump, hard knot or thickening inside the breast or underarm area

A

Breast lump

31
Q

Looks like a sunken, pitted area with an uneven texture.

A

Dimpling

32
Q

Hormone changes during the menstrual cycle may lead to __

A

Breast swelling

33
Q

Inflammation of the breast tissue that sometimes involve an infection

A

Mastitis

34
Q

Hormonal fluctuation from menstruation, pregnancy, puberty, menopause and breastfeeding

A

Breast pain

35
Q

Orange appearance in the breast

A

Orange peel appearance

36
Q

Release of fluid from the nipple

A

Nipple discharge

37
Q

__ examination of the breast done by a health professional

A

Physical examination

38
Q

__are also used to check for other breast problems__ are used along with mammogram to check women for breast cancer.

A

Clinical breast examination (CBE)

39
Q

CBE includes?

A

20-40 years old every 3 years, women older than 40 years every year

40
Q

Clinical breast examination (CBE)

A

Careful history taking
•Visual Inspection
•Palpitation of: both breasts, armpits & roof of the neck
•Educating women on breast self-examination particulary on breast lumps

41
Q

Two methods are commonly used to subdivide the breast into smaller areas for localization purposes.

A

Quadrant system
Clock system

42
Q

Used for mammographic reports

A

Quadrant system

43
Q

Used for sonographic reports, compares the surface of the breast with the face of a clock. Although, this method provides a more accurate description of a lesion

A

Clock system

44
Q

The margins of breast masses may be:

A

Circumscribed
• Microlobulated
• Obscured
• Indistinct
• Speculated / Stellate Lesions
• and the shape can be round, oval, or irregular.

45
Q

Breast mass 4 groups

A

Fat containing, low density, isodense, high density

46
Q

Density For Fat containing

Type of lesion- Characteristics

A

Lipoma- Encapsulated, radiolucent

Galactocele- Fat density / mixed density

Fat necrosis- Radiolucent with eggshell calcification

47
Q

Density for isodense

Type of lesion- Characteristics

A

Cyst- Round, any size, oriented toward the nipple

Fibroadenoma- Lobulated, any size, coarse calcification

Papilloma- Small, may calcify, periareolar

48
Q

Density for high density

Type of lesion- characteristics

A

Carcinoma- Microlobulated or slightly indistinct, microcalcifications

Abscess- Medium to high density, skin thickening

Hematoma- Slightly indistinct, skin thickening

49
Q

Risk factors red (non-modifiable)

A

Gender, age >50 yrs old, family history, breast architecture, menarche <12 yrs old, menopausal >55 yrs old

50
Q

Risk factors black (modifiable)

A

Use of estrogen, late age at birth of 1st child or nulliparity, lifestyle

51
Q

Diagnosis of breast carcinoma

A

Fine needle apsiration biopsy, core biopsy, surgical biopsy

52
Q

Small amount of breast tissue or fluid is removed from a suspicious area with a thin, hollow needle and checked for cancer cells, minimally invasive

A

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (fnab)

53
Q

Use a larger hollow needle to sample breast changes felt by the doctor or seen on the uts, mammogram or MRI, often preffered type of biopsy of breast CA is suspected, invasive

A

Core needle biopsy (CNB)

54
Q

A procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove abnormal tissue

A

Surgical biopsy

55
Q

Well-differentiated, Relatively normal-looking cells that do not appear to be growing rapidly and are arranged in small tubules.

A

Grade 1

56
Q

Moderately differentiated, Have features between grades 1 and 3

A

Grade 2

57
Q

Poorly differentiated, Lack normal features and tend to grow and spread more aggressively

A

Grade 3

58
Q

Primary tumor cannot be assessed

A

Tx

59
Q

No evidence of primary tumor

A

T0

60
Q

Tumor 2cm or less

A

T1

61
Q

Tumor size >2cm but < or = 5cm

A

T2

62
Q

Tumor size >5cm

A

T3

63
Q

Tumor or any size with direct extension to chest wall or skin

A

T4

64
Q

LNs cannot be assessed

A

N0

65
Q

Movable ipsilateral axillary LNs

A

N1

66
Q

Fixed or mattef ipsilateral axillary LNs/ipsilateral mammary LNs

A

N2

67
Q

Ipsilateral infraclavicular LN +/- axillary LN;
ipsilateral internal mammary LN + axillary LN;
supraclavicular LN +/- axillary or internal mammary LN

A

N3

68
Q

Metastasis cannot be assessed

A

Mx

69
Q

No distant metastasis

A

M0

70
Q

There is evidence of metastasis to another part of the body

A

M1

mammography (3 decks)

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