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mammography > Prelim > Flashcards

Prelim Flashcards

1
Q

A specialized procedure that uses low dose of radiation to examine the breast for early detection of cancer

A

Mammography

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2
Q

A berlin pathologist observed micro-calcification in breast carcinomas

A

1913, A. Solomon

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3
Q

First attempt to use mammography as radiographic examination of the breast

A

1920

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4
Q

He published on radiographic appearance of the normal breast with age. Concluded that improvement in technique was needed for clinical use

A

1938, J. Gershon-cohen

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5
Q

Father of modern mammography promoted mammography as an effective method of cancer diagnosis. And demonstrated the use of low kVp

A

1960, Robert Egan

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6
Q

Two types of mammography

A
  1. Diagnostice mammography
  2. Screening mammography
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7
Q

Women 40 and older, annual mammogram screening, asymptomatic px

A

Screening mammogram

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8
Q

Recall from screening, symptomatic px, and cancer px

A

Diagnostic mammogram

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9
Q

Organ of milk production, consist of 15-20 lobes or compartments, separated by a variable amount of adipose tissue

A

Mammary glands

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10
Q

A circular, pigmented area called the?

A

Areola

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11
Q

Composed of grapelike clusters of milk-secreting gland termed alveoli

A

Lobules

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12
Q

Smooth muscle around the glands contracts, uterus muscle contracts during labor

A

Oxytocin

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13
Q

Milk (nursing period)

A

Prolactin

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14
Q

Also known as morgagni tubercles, elevation formed by the openings of the ducts of the __, small bumps in the areola, protects nipple from dryness, scent helps baby find breasts.

A

Montgomery glands

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15
Q

Screte oily substance following pregnancy (Apocrine)

A

Sebaceous gland

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16
Q

Produces milk after childbirth (Eccrine)

A

Sudoriferous gland (Lactiferous) Gland

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17
Q

An extension of the tissue of the breast that extend into the axilla

A

Tail of spence (spence’s tail, axillary tail)

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18
Q

Band of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue that shape and support your breasts, these ligaments help maintain the shape and structural integrity of your breasts.

A

Copper ligaments

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19
Q

Space between the posterior margin of the mammary layer and the pectoral muscle, This layer allows movement of the breast over the chest wall. Contains a thin layer of fat (increase with age and pregnancy)

A

Retromammary space

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20
Q

Vertically: Lies between 2nd-6th ribs Horizontally: lateral border of the sternum and midaxillary line

A

Pectoral muscle

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21
Q

2/3 of the base lies on the pectoralis muscle while its inferolateral 1/3 lies on

A

Serratus anterior and external muscle oblique

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22
Q

3 breast tissue

A

Fiborus tissue, glandular or connective tissue, adipose or fatty tissue

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23
Q

4 breasts anomalys

A

Asymmetry
• Inverted Nipples
• Accessory Nipples
• (Others)

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24
Q

Occurs when one breast has a different size, volume, position or form from the other

A

Asymmetry

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25
Can occur anywhere along the mammary ridge, occurs in 2% of the population, treatment is by simple exicision.
Polythelia (accessory nipples)
26
Commonly in axilla, can be associated with polythelia, treatment is by direct excision and liposuction
Polymastia
27
condition of overdevelopment or enlargement of the breast tissue in men or boys. The breasts become larger. They may grow unevenly.
Gynecomastia
28
This is a normal variant, but new onset may represent malignancy or infection Can be corrected for cosmetic purposes however this may lead to the inability to breast feed. Some inverted nipples can be corrected as well during childbirth or during the pregnancy period
Nipple inversion
29
5 clinical breast changes
Lumps, swelling, dimpling, skin irritation, pain
30
Lump, hard knot or thickening inside the breast or underarm area
Breast lump
31
Looks like a sunken, pitted area with an uneven texture.
Dimpling
32
Hormone changes during the menstrual cycle may lead to __
Breast swelling
33
Inflammation of the breast tissue that sometimes involve an infection
Mastitis
34
Hormonal fluctuation from menstruation, pregnancy, puberty, menopause and breastfeeding
Breast pain
35
Orange appearance in the breast
Orange peel appearance
36
Release of fluid from the nipple
Nipple discharge
37
__ examination of the breast done by a health professional
Physical examination
38
__are also used to check for other breast problems__ are used along with mammogram to check women for breast cancer.
Clinical breast examination (CBE)
39
CBE includes?
20-40 years old every 3 years, women older than 40 years every year
40
Clinical breast examination (CBE)
Careful history taking •Visual Inspection •Palpitation of: both breasts, armpits & roof of the neck •Educating women on breast self-examination particulary on breast lumps
41
Two methods are commonly used to subdivide the breast into smaller areas for localization purposes.
Quadrant system Clock system
42
Used for mammographic reports
Quadrant system
43
Used for sonographic reports, compares the surface of the breast with the face of a clock. Although, this method provides a more accurate description of a lesion
Clock system
44
The margins of breast masses may be:
Circumscribed • Microlobulated • Obscured • Indistinct • Speculated / Stellate Lesions • and the shape can be round, oval, or irregular.
45
Breast mass 4 groups
Fat containing, low density, isodense, high density
46
Density For Fat containing Type of lesion- Characteristics
Lipoma- Encapsulated, radiolucent Galactocele- Fat density / mixed density Fat necrosis- Radiolucent with eggshell calcification
47
Density for isodense Type of lesion- Characteristics
Cyst- Round, any size, oriented toward the nipple Fibroadenoma- Lobulated, any size, coarse calcification Papilloma- Small, may calcify, periareolar
48
Density for high density Type of lesion- characteristics
Carcinoma- Microlobulated or slightly indistinct, microcalcifications Abscess- Medium to high density, skin thickening Hematoma- Slightly indistinct, skin thickening
49
Risk factors red (non-modifiable)
Gender, age >50 yrs old, family history, breast architecture, menarche <12 yrs old, menopausal >55 yrs old
50
Risk factors black (modifiable)
Use of estrogen, late age at birth of 1st child or nulliparity, lifestyle
51
Diagnosis of breast carcinoma
Fine needle apsiration biopsy, core biopsy, surgical biopsy
52
Small amount of breast tissue or fluid is removed from a suspicious area with a thin, hollow needle and checked for cancer cells, minimally invasive
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (fnab)
53
Use a larger hollow needle to sample breast changes felt by the doctor or seen on the uts, mammogram or MRI, often preffered type of biopsy of breast CA is suspected, invasive
Core needle biopsy (CNB)
54
A procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove abnormal tissue
Surgical biopsy
55
Well-differentiated, Relatively normal-looking cells that do not appear to be growing rapidly and are arranged in small tubules.
Grade 1
56
Moderately differentiated, Have features between grades 1 and 3
Grade 2
57
Poorly differentiated, Lack normal features and tend to grow and spread more aggressively
Grade 3
58
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
Tx
59
No evidence of primary tumor
T0
60
Tumor 2cm or less
T1
61
Tumor size >2cm but < or = 5cm
T2
62
Tumor size >5cm
T3
63
Tumor or any size with direct extension to chest wall or skin
T4
64
LNs cannot be assessed
N0
65
Movable ipsilateral axillary LNs
N1
66
Fixed or mattef ipsilateral axillary LNs/ipsilateral mammary LNs
N2
67
Ipsilateral infraclavicular LN +/- axillary LN; ipsilateral internal mammary LN + axillary LN; supraclavicular LN +/- axillary or internal mammary LN
N3
68
Metastasis cannot be assessed
Mx
69
No distant metastasis
M0
70
There is evidence of metastasis to another part of the body
M1

mammography (3 decks)

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