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mammography > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Reporting system used to describe the result of a mammogram, breast Uts or breast MRI in a standard way, breast imaging studies are assigned one of seven assessment categories, provide standardized terminology to describe imaging findings

A

Breast imaging-reporting and data system (BI-RADS)

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2
Q

Needs additional imaging evaluation (additional mammographic views or UTS) and or for mammography, obtaining previous images not available at the time of reading

A

Bi-rads 0: incomplete

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3
Q

Symmetrical and no masses, architectural distortion or suspicious calcifications

A

Bi-rads 1: negative

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4
Q

0% probability of malignancy

A

Bi-rads 2: benign

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5
Q

<2% probability of malignancy, short interval follow-up suggested

A

Bi-rads 3: probably benign

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6
Q

2-94% probability of malignancy, for mammography and UTS

A

Bi-rads 4: suspicious for malignancy

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7
Q

Low suspicion for malignancy (2-9%)

A

Bi-rads 4-A

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8
Q

Moderate suspicion for malignancy (10-49%)

A

Bi-rads 4-B

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9
Q

High suspicion for malignancy (50-94%), biopsy should be considered

A

Bi-rads 4-C

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10
Q

> 95% probability of malignancy, appropriate action should be taken

A

Bi-rads 5: Highly suggestive of malignancy

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11
Q

known biopsy-proven malignancy, cancer

A

Bi-rads 6

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12
Q

2 correlation to mammographic findings

A

Concordance
Non-concordance

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13
Q

When multiple imaging modalities or radiologists agree on the interpretation of mammographic findings

A

Concordance

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14
Q

Occurs when there is a disagreement between different imaging modalities or different radiologist regarding the interpretation of mammograms, when there’s ___, further evaluation or additional imaging may be necessary to clarify the findings

A

Non-concordance

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15
Q

As associated with malignancies, irregular in shape and size ranging from 1-3 mm in diameter, 50% of breast cancers are associated with __

A

Calcifications

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16
Q

If calcification is located very superficially, conforms to a pattern (such as within skin folds) has stippled appearance

A

Artifacts and pseudocalcifications

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17
Q

Substances that can appear as microcalcification

A

Deodorants
Bath powder
Creams
Lotions
Ointments
Adhesive tape

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18
Q

Mammographic equipment artifacts, cassette artifacts, and processing, film handling artifacts

A

Technical/non-patient factors

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19
Q

Evaluating calcifications

If determined real?

A

Check location and position/depth within the breast relative to nipple, conduct assessment of morphology
Main calcifications: ductal and lobular

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20
Q

Mammographic equipment parts

A

Xray tube
Tube port
Filter
Collimator
Compression paddle
Grid
Xray detector
Phototimer detector

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21
Q

Uruguanian radiologist first uses breast compression

A

1949 R. Leborgne

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22
Q

compression devices common on dedicated mammography units

A

1970

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23
Q

Evolution of breast compression

A

1960- no compression
1970- cones
1980- flat plate

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24
Q

positioned parallel to the support table, and attached to mechanical assembly. It is controlled by the operator by a foot pedal.

A

Flat radiolucent plate

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25
Q

Difference between area compression and spot compression

A

Full compression paddle,Uniform density, clear polycarbonate paddle 0.3 cm thick

Spot compression paddle, better compression over small area, spot paddle decreases tissue thickness, decrease superimposition of tissue

26
Q

Used to magnify small area of breast for better visualization

A

Spot compression

27
Q

Depends on the breast size and the px tolerance

A

Manual compression

28
Q

Consideration for painful breasts

A

Px take ibuprofen prior to mammogram
Schedule mammogram just after the menstrual cycle
Proper communication b4 the examination, importance of the compression

29
Q

Px support

A

Lead apron thyroid shield
Px gown
Holding Support

30
Q

Ammount of compression is between __ & __ pounds of pressure

A

25 and 40

31
Q

Disadvantage of spot compression

A

Px discomfort

32
Q

Difference of scatter to primary ratio between uncompressed and compressed breast?

A

0.8-1.0 uncompressed, 0.4-0.5 compressed

33
Q

Breast compression

A

Reduces breast thickness
• lowers radiation dose
• spreads breast tissues apart
• produces a more uniform thickness
• Allow uniform penetration of structures within the breast
• Reduces motion and geometric unsharpness
• Reduces x-ray scatter, thus improving contrast

34
Q

The cathode assembly of mammography x-ray tube is configured with?

A

Filament (dual-filament), focusing cup

35
Q

Two types of anode

A

Rotating anode/ stationary anode

36
Q

Anode materials

A

Molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten

37
Q

Most common anode target material used in soft tissue imaging

A

Molybdenum

38
Q

Dual targets also used?

A

Molybdenum and rhodium

39
Q

conventional Xray tube

A

Glass envelope, tungsten anode, anode angle 5-20, horizontal, al filter for dose reduction

40
Q

Mammography x-ray tube

A

Metal tube housing, grounded Mo, Rh anode, angle 0, tube tilt 26, axis rotation vertical, Mo/Rh filters fir spectral shaping.

41
Q

__ to __ for contact mammography (breast compressed against the grid and image receptor)

A

Focal spot size 0.3-0.4 mm

42
Q

__ for magnification mammography, it reduces geometric blurring so that microcalcifications can be resolved.

A

0.1 mm

43
Q

Most common to have effective
focal spot in mammo

A

23* anode angle, 6* tube tilt

44
Q

The area of the X-ray tube anode from which the X-ray photon are emitted called?

A

Actual focal spot

45
Q

The beam projected onto the patient

A

Effective focal spot

46
Q

As the anode angle decreases, the
effective focal spot decreases.

A

Line focus principle

47
Q

Wider useful beam

A

Greater anode

48
Q

Narrower useful beam

A

Smaller anode angle

49
Q

One unfortunate consequence of line focus principle, Radiation intensity on the cathode side of the x-ray tube is higher than the anode side

A

Anode heel effect

50
Q

Chest wall-
Nipple-

A

Cathode side
Anode side

51
Q

Target and Filter Combination

• Mo target with __
• Rh target with __
• W Target with __

A

0.03 mm Mo filter (atomic no. 42)
0.02mm Rh filter (atomic no. 45)
0.05mm rh filter

52
Q

Fatty breast (up to 4 cm)

Target filter kvp used

A

Mo mo 24-26 kVp

53
Q

Glandular breast (5-7 cm thick)

Target filter kvp used

A

Mo rh 27-29 kVp

54
Q

Breast thickness (7cm and denser breast)

Target filter kvp used

A

Rh rh 29 kVp (or above for more than 7 cm)

55
Q

0-2cm

Target filter kvp used

A

Mo mo 24

56
Q

3-4 cm

Target filter kvp used

A

Mo mo 25,26

57
Q

5-6 cm

Target filter kvp used

A

Mo rh 28

58
Q

7-8 cm

Target filter kvp used

A

Mo rh 32

59
Q

7-8 cm (2)

Target filter kvp used

A

Rh rh 30 used only with rh target

60
Q

The __ the anode angle, the __ the anode heel effect

A

smaller, greater

mammography (3 decks)

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