PRELIM

Question 1

Low vision examination

Answer 1

• Comprehensive case history
• Determination of the patient’s visual enhancement needs
• The examination/refraction sequence
• Visual function tests
• Health assessment
• Determine applicability of selected low vision devices
• Determine needed magnification for devices
• Report preparation

Question 2

Areas of comprehensive case history

Answer 2

General information
Financial status
Ocular history and current status
General health or systemic history and current status
Educational history
Functional task analysis
Devices used in the past

Question 3

Measuring VA allows the practitioner to:

Answer 3

• Helps determine the best corrected visual acuity
• Monitor the effect of stability and progression of the treatment of a disease
• Assess eccentric viewing postures and skills, patient motivation, scanning ability (for patients with restricted fields)
• Teach basic concepts and skills (i.e., to eccentrically view) relevant to the rehabilitation process.

Question 4

Comes in the form of loose-leaf cards

Answer 4

Feinbloom number and letter charts

Question 5

A chart designed so there is a constant size progression ration through the chart, each row having the same number of symbols and a constant spacing being used between rows and between letters.

Answer 5

Bailey-Lovie chart or ETDRS

Question 6

ETDRS means

Answer 6

Early treatment diabetic retinopathy study

Question 7

Who incorporated a log scale first

Answer 7

Ian bailey and Jan Lovie

Question 8

Advantages of LogMAR chart

Answer 8

1. Equal number of optotypes per line and allows the use of single-letter scoring which reduces test–retest variability
2. Equal logarithmic interval between lines
3. Equal average legibility for each line. It ensures that letter size is the sole determinant of difficulty on a given line
4. Consistent spacing between letters and lines i.e. Proportional inter-letter and inter-line spacing.
5. Geometric progression of letter sizes and allows testing distance to be variable. Vision recording is done at 4m to 2m to 1m. Correction factor of 0.3 should be added to the Log score when the distance is halved.

Question 9

Who introduced the “M-unit”

Answer 9

Louise Sloan

Question 10

Used to assess the presence or absence of a refractive error improvement in vision

Answer 10

Pinhole acuity test

Question 11

Perform near testing at two distances:

Answer 11

Assess the current reading ability
Assess the functional reading ability

Question 12

Calibrated in meter equivalent and simplify calculation of magnification

Answer 12

M-series charts

Question 13

Near Acuity charts

Answer 13

Reduced snellen’s chart
Point n system
Mn read test (Minnesota low vision reading test)

Question 14

Introduced by snellen in 1866 as a means of recording near visual acuity

Answer 14

Reduced snellen’s chart

Question 15

Chart was designed so that a 20/20 letter would subtend a 5-minute angle at a given distance (typically 40cm)

Answer 15

Reduced snellen’s chart

Question 16

An 8-point opto type (N8) subtends 5 minutes of an arc at 1M viewing distance.

Answer 16

Point N System

Question 17

Consists of continuous test cards that can be used to evaluate reading speed as well as near acuity. This helps to determine a “critical print size” which is the minimum size of print that allows the maximum reading speed.

Answer 17

MN Read Test

Question 18

the ability of the eye to perceive the smallest difference in luminance and thus to appreciate the niceties of shading and slightest nuances of brightness which are decisive for the forms and shapes.

Answer 18

Contrast sensitivity

Question 19

Contrast sensitvity tests

Answer 19

Lea’s contrast test
Pelli Robson chart

Question 20

Contrast sensitivity testing is important to find:

Answer 20

1. Need for magnification
2. Ability to use optical devices
3. Lighting (functional adaptive device)
4. Dominant eye
5. Over-all function – contrast enhancing techniques

Question 21

reduction of visual function cause by scattering of incoming light.

Answer 21

Glare

Question 22

Color vision tests

Answer 22

Ishihara PIPs
D-15 panel
Gross colors

Question 23

Most acquired color vision defects in low vision

Answer 23

Blue-yellow defects

Question 24

3 ocular health examinations that should be performed in the same manner as the normally sighted px

Answer 24

Biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, tonometry

Question 25

determine the extent of the intact retina that is available for magnification.

Answer 25

Visual field testing

Question 26

If there are opacities in the media, what refraction technique will be used?

Answer 26

Radical retinoscopy

Question 27

the examiner moves into whatever distance is necessary to obtain a retinoscopic reflex and subtracts the appropriate working distance lens power from the finding.

Answer 27

Radical retinoscopy

Question 28

Bailey suggested subjective testing should begin with +6.00D, plano, -6.00D to bracket the patient’s refractive endpoint.

Answer 28

Bracketing technique

Question 29

helps in determining the interval between two lenses that are being compared and is based on the patient’s best visual acuity at 10 feet.

Answer 29

Just noticeable difference (JND)

Question 30

LogMAR means

Answer 30

Log of Minimum Angle of Resolution