PRELIM

Question 1

Visual function impairment where full remediation is not possible by conventional spectacles, contact lenses or medical intervention.

Answer 1

Low vision

Question 2

terms used interchangeably with low vision

Answer 2

visually impaired
partially blind
Partially sighted
Visually challenged
Subnormal vision

Question 3

carries the perception that “all sight is gone”

Answer 3

Blind

Question 4

broader spectrum of sight loss

Answer 4

Visual impairment

Question 5

Visual acuity of 20/70 or worse with the best conventional optical correction

Answer 5

Subnormal vision

Question 6

reduced central acuity or VF loss which even with the best optical correction provided by regular lenses, still results in visual impairment

Answer 6

low vision

Question 7

conditions encompassing the continuum from partial sight to blindness

Answer 7

vision impairment

Question 8

visual acuity less than 3/60 in the better eye after best possible correction

Answer 8

Blindness by WHO

Question 9

No usable vision with the exception of light perception

Answer 9

Blindness

Question 10

visual acuity 20/400 or less than 20/70 in the better eye after best possible correction

Answer 10

Low vision by WHO

Question 11

Functional vision impairment

Answer 11

Insufficient visual resolution
Inadequate field of vision
Reduced peak contrast sensitivity
Insufficient visual resolution or reduced peak contrast sensitivity

Question 12

refers to a significant reduction of visual capability resulting from some pathological conditions that cannot be corrected

Answer 12

Functional vision impairment

Question 13

VA less than 20/200 or less in the better seeing eye with best correction

Answer 13

Legal blindness

Question 14

Individual’s functional visual ability in spite of loss, how an individual develops creative ways of adapting to various situations.

Answer 14

Visual efficiency

Question 15

Near VA worse than N6 or M .08 at 40cm with existing correction

Answer 15

Near Vision Impairment

Question 16

impairment can take the form of visual field loss as follows:

Answer 16

1. Scotoma involving the central area (within the 10 degrees of fixation)
2. Generalized contraction and constriction
3. Homonymous bilateral visual field defects
4. Heteronymous bilateral visual field defects

Question 17

gives rise to anatomical changes in visual organs

Answer 17

visual disorder

Question 18

functional loss from a visual disorder

Answer 18

visual impairment

Question 19

gives rise to vision-related changes in the skills and abilities

Answer 19

visual disability

Question 20

psychosocial and economic consequence of visual loss

Answer 20

visual handicap

Question 21

Person with this visual disturbance describes distortion of vision. Objects appear to bulge, curve or look funny

Answer 21

Metamorphopsia

Question 22

patients with such condition indicate a diminution of vision, haziness, or foggy vision

Answer 22

lower central acuity or fluctuating vision

Question 23

Patient cannot detect colors or functional observations show that they have trouble identifying colors

Answer 23

Color vision defects

Question 24

Persons report they have vision in specified sectors of the visual field and parts of the object to be viewed are always missing.

Answer 24

Visual field defects

Question 25

Persons indicate decreased vision at night and difficulty in performing specific task at night. This condition can be confirmed by clinical test or electrodiagnostic testing.

Answer 25

Night blindness

Question 26

Persons with this condition sees floaters or spots before their eyes, which momentarily interferes with vision. Such symptoms may indicate an acute pathology.

Answer 26

Entopic images

Question 27

Persons with this condition reports that the world seems to be moving or jumping around. This condition may be sign of neurological disorders. Therefore patient should be referred to a neurologist.

Answer 27

Oscillopsia

Question 28

absence of eye pigment

Answer 28

Albinism

Question 29

partially or complete absence of iris

Answer 29

aniridia

Question 30

present at birth or become apparent in the first year of life. It causes significant visual morbidity because of associated amblyopia, even with early surgical treatment; most common cause of leukocoria.

Answer 30

Congenital cataract

Question 31

Rare life-threatening tumor with complex genetic inheritance; most common cause of leukocoria

Answer 31

Retinoblastoma

Question 32

Often presents with a “watery eye”

Answer 32

Congenital glaucoma

Question 33

Rare causes of poor central vision. High refractive errors should always be kept in mind in these cases.

Answer 33

Nystagmus

Question 34

death of retinal ganglion cells

Answer 34

Optic atrophy

Question 35

baby was of low birthweight of less than 1500 g or born earlier than 37 weeks

Answer 35

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Question 36

The pupillary reflexes are normal, as are the optic discs, but the baby may be photophobic. The fundus will appear albinotic or blond.

Answer 36

Ocular albinism

Question 37

Manifests with normal ophthalmic findings, including the presence of normal pupillary reflexes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is abnormal; baby often has signs of developmental delay and may have midline defects including cleft lip or palate.

Answer 37

Cerebral blindness

Question 38

Involves no ophthalmological or electrophysiological abnormality. The baby is often premature or small for dates. Although prognosis for vision is generally good, a small proportion of patients are left with a residual deficit.

Answer 38

Delayed visual development

Question 39

Often shows no abnormality on fundoscopy in the early stages, however the optic discs can sometimes appear slightly pale and early thinning of the arterioles

Answer 39

Leber’s congenital amaurosis

Question 40

signs may include the presence of nystagmus, slugging pupillary reflexes and the characteristic optic disc double ring sign.

Answer 40

Optic disc hypoplasia

Question 41

Result of Complex hereditary and environmental factors

Answer 41

High myopia

Question 42

Genetic condition that affects connective tissue of the fibrillin gene that affects the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal, and ophthalmic systems

Answer 42

Marfan’s syndrome

Question 43

Early onset may report night blindness or restriction of visual field.

Answer 43

Retinitis pigmentosa

Question 44

Progressive anteroposterior elongation of the scleral envelope associated with a range of secondary ocular changes

Answer 44

Pathological myopia

Question 45

Inflammation of the optic nerve, most common cause of unilateral painful visual loss in a young adult.

Answer 45

Optic neuritis

Question 46

Lesions of inflammation encompasses the clinical entities of retinitis, choroiditis, and retinal vasculitis

Answer 46

Posterior uveitis

Question 47

Serous retinal detachments commonly seen in the macular region

Answer 47

Central serous retinopathy

Question 48

Conditions affecting the elderly

Answer 48

ARMD DR HR G C CRVO CRAO

Question 49

It is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on many types of health and vital records including death certificates and health records.

Answer 49

International classification of disease

Question 50

who are the low vision patients

Answer 50

patients with congenital eye disease and degenerative diseases

Question 51

Most common cause of nontraumatic ectopia lentis

Answer 51

Marfan’s syndrome

Question 52

most common cause of unilateral painful visual loss in a young adult.

Answer 52

Optic neuritis

Question 53

Affects the ability to see the objects or people in direct line of vision

Answer 53

Central visual field loss

Question 54

- Difficulty with individual travel - Banging with obstacles on the sides such as furniture - Need for increased in illumination

Answer 54

Peripheral visual field loss

Question 55

- Decreased visual efficiency: visual skills (scanning and tracking), saccades (horizontal and vertical) - Light and dark adaptation

Answer 55

Peripheral visual field loss

Question 56

Affects ability to perceive sharpness of details due to alteration in the refractive media of the eye

Answer 56

Over-all blur

Question 57

- Patient may suffer double vision - Problems with poor night vision, poor contrast, and glare - Difficulty judging distance

Answer 57

Over-all blur

Question 58

A person with limited distance vision may have difficulties:

Answer 58

- Learning by imitation - Understanding non-verbal communication - Integrating senses (visual/auditory, visual/tactical, visual/olfactory, visual/gustatory) - With independent mobility

Question 59

A person with limited near vision may have difficulties:

Answer 59

- Reading and writing - With personal care and hygiene - Preparing food and eating - Taking care of clothes

Question 60

A person with restricted field of vision may have difficulties:

Answer 60

- With general functioning - Finding objects - With independent mobility