PRELIM Flashcards
Visual function impairment where full remediation is not possible by conventional spectacles, contact lenses or medical intervention.
Low vision
terms used interchangeably with low vision
visually impaired
partially blind
Partially sighted
Visually challenged
Subnormal vision
carries the perception that “all sight is gone”
Blind
broader spectrum of sight loss
Visual impairment
Visual acuity of 20/70 or worse with the best conventional optical correction
Subnormal vision
reduced central acuity or VF loss which even with the best optical correction provided by regular lenses, still results in visual impairment
low vision
conditions encompassing the continuum from partial sight to blindness
vision impairment
visual acuity less than 3/60 in the better eye after best possible correction
Blindness by WHO
No usable vision with the exception of light perception
Blindness
visual acuity 20/400 or less than 20/70 in the better eye after best possible correction
Low vision by WHO
Functional vision impairment
Insufficient visual resolution
Inadequate field of vision
Reduced peak contrast sensitivity
Insufficient visual resolution or reduced peak contrast sensitivity
refers to a significant reduction of visual capability resulting from some pathological conditions that cannot be corrected
Functional vision impairment
VA less than 20/200 or less in the better seeing eye with best correction
Legal blindness
Individual’s functional visual ability in spite of loss, how an individual develops creative ways of adapting to various situations.
Visual efficiency
Near VA worse than N6 or M .08 at 40cm with existing correction
Near Vision Impairment
impairment can take the form of visual field loss as follows:
- Scotoma involving the central area (within the 10 degrees of fixation)
- Generalized contraction and constriction
- Homonymous bilateral visual field defects
- Heteronymous bilateral visual field defects
gives rise to anatomical changes in visual organs
visual disorder
functional loss from a visual disorder
visual impairment
gives rise to vision-related changes in the skills and abilities
visual disability
psychosocial and economic consequence of visual loss
visual handicap
Person with this visual disturbance describes distortion of vision. Objects appear to bulge, curve or look funny
Metamorphopsia
patients with such condition indicate a diminution of vision, haziness, or foggy vision
lower central acuity or fluctuating vision
Patient cannot detect colors or functional observations show that they have trouble identifying colors
Color vision defects
Persons report they have vision in specified sectors of the visual field and parts of the object to be viewed are always missing.
Visual field defects
Persons indicate decreased vision at night and difficulty in performing specific task at night. This condition can be confirmed by clinical test or electrodiagnostic testing.
Night blindness
Persons with this condition sees floaters or spots before their eyes, which momentarily interferes with vision. Such symptoms may indicate an acute pathology.
Entopic images
Persons with this condition reports that the world seems to be moving or jumping around. This condition may be sign of neurological disorders. Therefore patient should be referred to a neurologist.
Oscillopsia
absence of eye pigment
Albinism
partially or complete absence of iris
aniridia
present at birth or become apparent in the first year of life. It causes significant visual morbidity because of associated amblyopia, even with early surgical treatment; most common cause of leukocoria.
Congenital cataract
Rare life-threatening tumor with complex genetic inheritance; most common cause of leukocoria
Retinoblastoma
Often presents with a “watery eye”
Congenital glaucoma
Rare causes of poor central vision. High refractive errors should always be kept in mind in these cases.
Nystagmus
death of retinal ganglion cells
Optic atrophy
baby was of low birthweight of less than 1500 g or born earlier than 37 weeks
Retinopathy of Prematurity
The pupillary reflexes are normal, as are the optic discs, but the baby may be photophobic. The fundus will appear albinotic or blond.
Ocular albinism
Manifests with normal ophthalmic findings, including the presence of normal pupillary reflexes. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is abnormal; baby often has signs of developmental delay and may have midline defects including cleft lip or palate.
Cerebral blindness
Involves no ophthalmological or electrophysiological abnormality. The baby is often premature or small for dates. Although prognosis for vision is generally good, a small proportion of patients are left with a residual deficit.
Delayed visual development
Often shows no abnormality on fundoscopy in the early stages, however the optic discs can sometimes appear slightly pale and early thinning of the arterioles
Leber’s congenital amaurosis
signs may include the presence of nystagmus, slugging pupillary reflexes and the characteristic optic disc double ring sign.
Optic disc hypoplasia
Result of Complex hereditary and environmental factors
High myopia
Genetic condition that affects connective tissue of the fibrillin gene that affects the cardiovascular system, musculoskeletal, and ophthalmic systems
Marfan’s syndrome
Early onset may report night blindness or restriction of visual field.
Retinitis pigmentosa
Progressive anteroposterior elongation of the scleral envelope associated with a range of secondary ocular changes
Pathological myopia
Inflammation of the optic nerve, most common cause of unilateral painful visual loss in a young adult.
Optic neuritis
Lesions of inflammation encompasses the clinical entities of retinitis, choroiditis, and retinal vasculitis
Posterior uveitis
Serous retinal detachments commonly seen in the macular region
Central serous retinopathy
Conditions affecting the elderly
ARMD
DR
HR
G
C
CRVO
CRAO
It is used to classify diseases and other health problems recorded on many types of health and vital records including death certificates and health records.
International classification of disease
who are the low vision patients
patients with congenital eye disease and degenerative diseases
Most common cause of nontraumatic ectopia lentis
Marfan’s syndrome
most common cause of unilateral painful visual loss in a young adult.
Optic neuritis
Affects the ability to see the objects or people in direct line of vision
Central visual field loss
- Difficulty with individual travel
- Banging with obstacles on the sides such as furniture
- Need for increased in illumination
Peripheral visual field loss
- Decreased visual efficiency: visual skills (scanning and tracking), saccades (horizontal and vertical)
- Light and dark adaptation
Peripheral visual field loss
Affects ability to perceive sharpness of details due to alteration in the refractive media of the eye
Over-all blur
- Patient may suffer double vision
- Problems with poor night vision, poor contrast, and glare
- Difficulty judging distance
Over-all blur
A person with limited distance vision may have difficulties:
- Learning by imitation
- Understanding non-verbal communication
- Integrating senses (visual/auditory, visual/tactical, visual/olfactory, visual/gustatory)
- With independent mobility
A person with limited near vision may have difficulties:
- Reading and writing
- With personal care and hygiene
- Preparing food and eating
- Taking care of clothes
A person with restricted field of vision may have difficulties:
- With general functioning
- Finding objects
- With independent mobility
