PRELIM Flashcards
are formed by the points at which the chest wall and diaphragm meet.
Costrophrenic angle
air present in the lungs
Pneumothorax
size used of casette for slender lungs (long torso)
14x17
made of lead; used for Px with prominent nipples
Nipple Marker
to determine the correct inspiration in a chest x-ray the diaphragm and ribs must be:
-diaphragm is at the lower 1/3
-10 posterior ribs are visible
Source-to-image-distance
72 inches/6ft
for penetration of x-ray
kVP
The 12-step program are:
- Name
- Date
- Old Films
- What type of views
- Penetration
- Inspiration
- Rotation
- Angulation
- Soft Tissues/ Body Structures
- Mediastinum
- Diaphragm
- Lung Fields
Pre-read (under 12-step program)
- Name
- Date
- Old Films
- What type of views
Quality control (under 12-step program)
- Penetration
- Inspiration
- Rotation
- Angulation
Findings (under 12-step program)
- Soft Tissues/ Body Structures
- Mediastinum
- Diaphragm
- Lung Fields
4 stages of the Pre-reading process
- Check the name
- Check the date
- Obtain old films if available
- Which view(s) do you have?
PA/AP, LATERAL, DECUBITUS, AP LORDOTIC
Penetration must determine by the ff:
- Should see ribs through the heart
- Barely see the spine through he heart
- Should see pulmonary vessels nearly to the edges of the lungs
gastric bubbles are consist of ___
air
a projection: The heart projected has magnification
PA
RPO
AP oblique projection
overpenetrated films has the ff characteristics:
(high Kvp & dark image )
-lung fields darker than normal; may obscure subtle pathologies
- see spine well beyond the diaphragm
- Inadequate lung detail
underpenetrated films has the ff characteristics:
(low kVP & bright image)
- hemidiaphragms are obscured (not visible)
- Pulmonary markings more prominent than they actually are
common artifact/s for underpenetrated films
noise, quantum mottle
inspiration has the ff characteristics:
- Should be able to count 9-10 posterior ribs
- Heart shadow should not be hidden by the diaphragm
Poor inspiration can crowd the lung markings producing __________
pseudo-airspace disease
web appearance in the image
Extensive Pulmonary Tuberculosis
cotton ball appearance in the image
Thermal lung cancer
rotation has the ff characteristics:
- Medial ends of the bilateral clavicle are equidistant from the midline or vertebral bodies
rotation: marking
jugular notch
if spinous process appears closer to the right clavicle, the Px is rotated toward their own ________
left side
if the spinous process appears closer to the left clavicle, the patient is rotated toward their own _______
right side
angulation has the ff characteristics:
- Clavicle should lay over 3rd rib
clavicle superimposed to 3rd rib
non-angulated
(beam is angled up toward head; cephalad) will have an unusually sharp border of the left hemidiaphragm will be absent
apical lordotic
to analyze for angulation always check the ________
clavicle
In chest x-ray ________ must be checked
symmetry
Soft Tissue and Bony Structure
Check for:
-symmetry
- deformities
-fracture
-masses
- calcification
- lytic lesions
(disruptions: bones)
fracture
crystalize black appearance
brittle bone
fastest type of cancer
pancreatic cancer
most painful type of cancer
bone cancer
Mediastinum
Check for:
- Cardiomegaly
- Mediastinal & iteral contours for increase densities and deformities
heart exerts too much effort: blockage, hypertensive
Cardiomegaly
diaphragms has the ff characteristics:
- Check sharpness of borders
- Right is normally higher than the left
- Check for free air, gastric bubble, pleural effusions
presence of fluid in the lungs
pleural effusions
presence free air (peritoneal cavity)
Pneumoperitoneum
Lung fields
- To help you determine abnormalities & their location
- Uses silhouettes/ other thoracic structures
- Use fissures
lung fields have the ff characteristics:
- To help you determine abnormalities & their location
- Uses silhouettes/ other thoracic structures
- Use fissures
Lung Fields: Using Structures / Silhouettes
Silhouettes/ Structure
* Upper right heart border/ ascending aorta
* Right heart border
* Upper left heart border
* Left heart border
* Aortic knob
* Anterior hemidiaphragms
Contact with Lung
* Anterior Segment of RUL
* RML (medial)
* Anterior segment of LUL
* Lingula (anterior)
* Apical portion of LUL
* Lower lobes (anterior)
