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COMM 2760: Persuasion and Social Influence > Prelim 1 > Flashcards

Prelim 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  • Empirical questioning
  • Hypothesis development
  • Sampling
  • Study design
  • Data collection/measurement
  • Data analysis
  • Conclusion
  • Societal implication
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2
Q

What should you look for when reading a research article?

A
  • Old findings related to the topic/ Background info
  • The research’s importance
  • Description of data
  • Methods used to collect the data
  • Results
    -Discussion of the results
  • Limitations
  • New ideas being presented on said topic
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3
Q

What is the concept of “examining the source”?

A

Examining the sources means to consider WHO is responsible for the sharing of the information.

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4
Q

In scientific research, what are the most credible sources?

A

Peer-reviewed articles

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5
Q

Why are peer-reviewed articles the most credible scientific research sources?

A

They go through an intense review process to make sure their work is reliable and ethical.

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6
Q

What is a literature review?

A

Provides a summary of past work(s) and questions the unanswered questions of said work(s) that require additional research.

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7
Q

What are the qualities of a research question?

A
  • Offers a new perspective to the research
  • Research questions may sometimes be formed as a
    hypothesis
  • Should be answered at the end of a research article
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8
Q

What are some of the characteristics of data?

A
  • Population
  • Sample size
  • Representativeness
  • Response rate
  • Descriptive statistics
  • Measures
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9
Q

What is a population?

A

A population refers to everyone or everything that you are interested in measuring.

Think; “Who am I studying?”

Ex:
Researchers are studying the effects of a new medication on sickle-cell anemia patients between the ages of 18-21.
- The population would be all sickle-cell anemia patients
between the ages of 18-21

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10
Q

What is a sample size?

A

Sample size refers to a fraction of your population of interest that you are using to study.

Think: “How many people am I studying?”

Ex:
Researchers are studying the effects of a new medication on sickle-cell anemia patients between the ages of 18-21.

They conduct a drug trial on 345 patients.
- The sample size would be 345 sickle-cell anemia
patients between the ages of 18-21

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of having a large sample size?

A
  • Less detailed
  • Can identify outliers more than a small sample size
  • Easier to conduct statistical analysis
  • Reliable data
  • Generalizable data
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12
Q

What are the characteristics having a small sample size?

A
  • Inexpensive
  • Difficult to conduct statistical analysis
  • Less reliable data
  • Less generalizable
  • More detailed
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13
Q

Why is representativeness important for scientific research?

A

Representativeness is important for generalizability and making societal applications of your data.

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14
Q

What is the response rate?

A

How many people in the sample responded

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15
Q

Why is it important to consider the response rate of the sample?

A

Response rate helps when determining how representative your data is.

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16
Q

What is descriptive statistics?

A

Statistics that describe the sample.

Ex:
- Age
- Race
- Height
- Level of education

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17
Q

What are measures?

A

Measures refer to how each variable used was measured and defined.

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18
Q

What types of information would you find in the methods and results section of an article?

A
  • Mean
  • Standard deviation
  • P-value
  • Regression
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19
Q

What is the mean?

A

The average response/value of all of the responses to a question

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20
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

The spread of the data from the average.

21
Q

What is the difference between a high standard deviation and a low standard deviation?

A

A high standard deviation means the responses deviate significantly from the mean and a low standard deviation means the responses are close to the mean.

22
Q

What is the p-value?

A

The p-value is a numerical value showing how “trustworthy” your results are.

Think: Chance vs. Correlation

23
Q

What is regression?

A

A statistical analysis technique that relates a dependent variable to one or more independent variables.

24
Q

What are the different types of data collection methods?

A
  • Experiment
  • Pre and post test
  • Survey research
  • Qualitative Research/ Behavioral Analysis
  • Meta-analyses
25
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Subjects are RANDOMLY assigned to an experimental group- treatment or control- to test whether or not the treatment had any impact.

26
Q

What is a pre and post test?

A

The same subjects are surveyed before and after the intervention.

27
Q

What are experiments good for?

A

Determining causation

28
Q

What are surveys good for?

A

Determining association

29
Q

What are pre and post-test?

A

The same subjects are surveyed before and after the intervention.

30
Q

What is survey research?

A

A collection of information based on sample results to questions.

31
Q

What is qualitative research/field study?

A

Studying people’s behavior or gathering information based on their responses to open-ended questions.

32
Q

What can you expect to find in the conclusion of a research study?

A
  • Summarization of findings
  • Tieing the results of the study to other research in the
    area
  • A discussion of how their findings differ and why they
    may differ
  • Interpretations of their findings
  • Limitations
33
Q

What is “process insight”?

A

“Process-insight” is understanding the process in which [communication] research is conducted.

34
Q

What is meta-analyses?

A

A form of statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies

Think: “A study of studies”

35
Q

What are the problems with having no process insight?

A
  • Limits the ability to build on other research
  • Limits the holistic understanding of comm processes
  • Consumers of research struggle to put the research
    into practice
36
Q

What are “open science” practices?

A

Open science practices are the tools and resources for making the research process transparent

Think: Everyone knows what you’re doing, how you’re doing it, and why.

37
Q

What are some common open-science practices?

A
  • Pre-registration
  • Open materials
38
Q

What it pre-registration?

A

The process of registering your ideas for research before you begin so you help other researchers interpret your findings.

39
Q

What are some criticisms of pre-registration?

A
  • Limits researcher’s ability to analyze data in new ways
    if they develop more insight
  • Not always precise enough to serve their intended
    purpose
  • Emphasis on methods and not on theory
  • This is bad for publishers because they focus on
    theory
40
Q

What is open materials?

A

Due to the limited space in scientific publications, many pre-registration registries have repositories for storing study materials.

41
Q

What is open data?

A

Making the data collected during studies open to the public.

42
Q

What are some arguments in favor of open data?

A
  • Allows others to verify the claims made in a paper
    Other people can see the data to fact-check the
    researchers
  • Good for efficiency
    Use old, open data to ask new questions rather than
    collecting new data every time
  • In the public interest
    Allows the public to learn from the science they often
    directly or indirectly fund
43
Q

What is the argument against open data?

A

There are concerns over data privacy and accidental release of identifiable data about study participants.

44
Q

What are some advanced open-science practices?

A
  • Registered reports
  • Advanced data documentation
  • Writing manuscripts in markdown
45
Q

What was the main idea of the “Butt Stuff” podcast episode?

A

The creation of Norma/Norman the average American bodily proportions. However, the methods of coming to the average proportions are unreliable.
* All data collected on non-White women (Anglos) was thrown out after it was taken.

46
Q

What are scientific research’s implications for the world?

A

How the research’s findings can be applied to society.

47
Q

What is the main idea of the “Costs of Code Switching”?

A

Black people and POC in predominantly white institutions, especially in the workplace, find themselves “code-switching” (changing the way they normally talk, dress, and exist) in order to fit in.

They do it for many reasons, the main one being career advancement, as we are much more likely to like people who look and act like us.

However, the costs of constantly code-switching can affect their self-esteem, well-being, and sense of belonging. It is exhausting being someone you are not constantly.

48
Q

What happened to social influence on Jan. 30th, 1882

A

Franklin D. Roosevelt was born

Think: Fireside chats

COMM 2760: Persuasion and Social Influence (2 decks)

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