Prelim 1 Flashcards
- A non-invasive medical imaging
technique that uses the interaction
between radio frequency pulses, a
strong magnetic field and body tissue to
obtain images of slices/ planes from
inside the body.
MRI
Higher Tesla=
higher magnetic field
- magnetic field strength
Bo
Discovered the Rotating Magnetic Field
in Budapest Hungary
- Was a fundamental discovery in physics
An Austrian-American inventor and
mechanical and electrical engineer
Best known for many revolutionary
contributions in the field of electricity
and magnetism in the late 19th & early
20th centuries
Nikola Tesla (1856- 7 JAN 1943)
SI Unit
-For measuring magnetic flux
density/ magnetic induction
(commonly known as magnetic field
B) was named in Tesla’s honour at the
conference Generale des Poids et
Measures, Paris in 1960
Tesla (T)
200 nanotesla= US Congress & WHO
Recommended limit for constant human
exposure=
2 MG
-a German mathematician and scientist
-the CGS unit for magnetic induction
was named gauss in his hour ( CFG)
-CGS= centimeter gram second system
of units
Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
-CGS=
of units
centimeter gram second system
JBJF
-French mathematician & physicist
-initiating the investigation of Fourier
series & application to problems of
heart flow
-Fourier Transform
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-
1830)
- algorithm that
solves analog data to digital
an operation that transforms one function
of a real variable into another.
■ is a mathematical procedure to separate
out the frequency components of a signal
from its amplitudes as a function of time
■ the inverse Fourier transformation (IFT)
calculates the time domain from the
frequency domain.
Fourier Transform
JL
-Irish Physicist & mathematician
-developed the equation that the
angular frequency of precession of the
nuclear spin being proportional to the
strength of the magnetic field
-Larmor frequency (Larmor relationship)
Sir Joseph Larmor (1857-1942)
-Austrian Theoretical physicist
-1924; proposed the Pauli Exclusion
Principle (to determine the # of electron
in k-shell
He received the Nobel prize for physics
in 1945
Wolfgang Ernst Pauli
- outermost electron
Valence
-a Dutch-American theoretical physicist
-1925; introduced the concept of
spinning electron
-arising from the spinning electrical
charge
-angular momentum, magnetic dipole
George Eugene Uhnlenbeck (1900-1988)
- Columbia
University (PIR)
-working in the Pupin Physics lab in NYC
-observed the quantum phenomenon
dubbed nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR)
-recognized that the atomic nuclei show
their presence by absorbing/emitting
radio waves when exposed to a
sufficiently strong magnetic field
Professor Isidor I. Rabi 1937
In the 1930’s,
succeeded in
detecting and
measuring single
states of rotation of
atoms and molecules,
and in determining
the mechanical and
magnetic moments of
the nuclei.
■ Influenced by
Cornelius Jacobus
Gorter
-
Isidor Isaac Rabi
-Dutch Physicist
-Sept 1937; he & his co-worker Broer,
reported unsuccessful attempts to
observe nuclear magnetic resonance in
pure crystalline materials
-first to demonstrate the phenomenon
of paramagnetic relaxation
Cornelius Jacobus Gorter
(1907-1976)
-A Soviet Physicist
-discovered electron paramagnetic
resonance in 1944 ( YKZ)
Yevgeny Konstantinovich Zavoisky
-discover magnetic resonance
phenomenon 1946
-Nobel prize for physics
-measure magnetic resonance in bulk
material such as liquids & solids
Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell
-an American Physicist
-Nuclear induction
-together w/ his colleagues,Torrey and
Pound, prepared a
resonant cavity to
study the absorption of
RF energy in paraffin
Edward Mills Purcell (1912-1997)
Birth of MRI
1952-
Who creates I dimensional image
Herman Carr
- Magnetic Resonance was
discovered
1946
-further developed the utilization of
gradients in the magnetic field and
mathematically analysis of these signals
for a more useful imaging technique
-gradient coils
-showed how signals can be
mathematically analyzed which later
gave way to EPI technique in 1977
Peter Mansfield
); the first ultra-high-speed imaging technique; fast
high speed imaging technique
EPI (echo-planar imaging
were awarded with the 2003 Nobel
Prize in Physiology and Medicine
Paul C Lauterbur & Peter Mansfield
1956
-“Tesla Unit” was proclaimed in the
____ Germany by the
International Electro-technical
Commission-committee of action.
-all MRI machines are calibrated in
“Tesla Units”
-Tesla or Gauss unite; measures
strength of a magnetic field
-the stronger the amount of radio
signals which can be elicited from the
body’s atoms and therefore the higher
the quality of MRI images
Rathaus of Munich
-in the early 70’s, demonstrated with his
NMR device, that there are different T1
relaxation times between normal and
abnormal tissues of the same type, as
well as between different types of
normal tissues
Raymond Vahan Damadian
-a physician and experimenter working
at Brooklyn’s Downstate Medicall
Center discovered that hydrogen signal
in cancerous tissue is different from that
of healthy tissue because tumors
contain more water
Raymond Vahan Damadian
hyperintence (light)
T1-
- hypointense (dark)
T2
Raymond Vahan Damadian
-In 1977, completed (after 7 years) the
first MR scanner ______
-In 1978, he founded the ____ which manufactured the
first commercial MRI scanner in 1980.
FONAR went public in 1981
(Indomitable)
FONAR
Corporation
Year
-Raymond Damadian applies for a ptent,
which describes the concept of NMR
being used for above purpose.
-He illustrates major parts of MRI
machine in his patent application
1972
Paul Lauterbur
-in 1973, described a new imaging
technique that he termed
____
-By utilizing gradients in the magnetic
field, this technique was able to produce
a 2-dimensional image (back-projection)
Zeugmatography
1973
-, a chemist an an NMR
pioneer at the State University of New
York, Stony Brook, produced the first
NMR image. It was of a test tube
Paul Lauterbur
-Felix B. ( University)
-Edward P. ( University)
Stanford
Harvard
Year Nikola Tesla discovered the Rotating
Magnetic Field in Budapest, Hungary.
■ This was a fundamental discovery in
physics
1882
1 tesla = (G)
10,000 (or 104) gauss
Year Pauli proposed the
Pauli exclusion principle,
for which he received
the Nobel Prize for
Physics in 1945.
1925
, an uncharged and massless
particle that carries off energy in
radioactivity
neutrino
___ principle states that no
two identical fermions may occupy the
same quantum state simultaneously
Pauli exclusion
___ are particles
which obey Fermi-Dirac statistics; they are
named after____
fermions
Enrico Fermi.
Year
■ Columbia University Professor Isidor I.
Rabi working in the Pupin Physic
Laboratory in New York City, observed the
quantum phenomenon dubbed nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR). He
recognized that the atomic nuclei show
their presence by absorbing or emitting
radio waves when exposed to a sufficiently
strong magnetic field
1937
ISIDOR RABI Published “____ in 1938, where
the first MR signal from LiCl was reported.
■ Awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in
___.
A New Method of Measuring
Nuclear Magnetic Moment”
1944
1905 – 1983
■ a Swiss-American physicist.
■ Nuclear induction
■ Together with his colleagues,
did an experiment
measuring an electromotive
force resulting form the
forced precession of the
nuclear magnetization in the
applied RF field.
Felix Bloch
The strength of a magnetic field is
measured in ____ Units. The
stronger the magnetic field, the stronger
the amount of radio signals which can be
elicited from the body’s atoms and
therefore the higher the quality of MRI
images
Tesla or Gauss
First to demonstrate clinical MR images of
a human finger using his technique.
Peter Mansfield
Showed how signals can be
mathematically analyzed which later gave
way to EPI technique in 1977
Peter mansfield
was Professor of Medical
Physics at the University of Aberdeen from
1965 until his retirement in 1992.
■ He is known for his and his colleague’s
work in the development of radionuclide
imaging, magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) and, in particular, positron emission
tomography (PET
John Mallard
The whole body magnet was first built by
___. In cooperation
with the University of Aberdeen; started in
1972 under the direction of John Mallard
and led by James Hutchison.
■ Originated the “spin-warp” method of
spatial localization for MRI
■ T1 values for normal and malignant animal
and human tissue were presented
Oxford Instruments Ltd
referred to the joining
together of a weak gradient magnetic field
with the stronger main magnetic field,
allowing the spatial localization of 2 tubes
of water.
■ Introduced the use of gradients in the
magnetic field.
Zeugmatography
Year
■ Raymond Damadian receives his patent
1974
■ Richard Ernst proposes using phase and
frequency encoding and Fourier transform
for acquisition of MR images.
1975
■ Richard Ernst proposes using phase and
frequency encoding and Fourier transform
for acquisition of MR images.
1975
■ a Swiss physical
chemist and
Nobel Laureate.
■ In 1975,
introduced 2D
NMR using phase
and frequency
encoding, and the
Fourier
Transform
Richard Robert Ernst
Year: First images could be presented.
A cross section through a finger by Peter
Mansfield and Andrew A. Maudsley. Peter
Mansfield also could present the first
image through the abdomen
1977/78
In ___, Raymond Damadian
demonstrated MRI of the whole body.
1977
On ___, nearly five hours after
the start of the first MRI test, the first
human scan was made as the first MRI
prototype.
July 3, 1977
demonstrated
imaging of the body using Ernst’s
technique in 1980. A single image could be
acquired in approximately five minutes by
this technique
Edelstein and coworkers
: Schering submitted a patent
application for Gd-DTPA dimeglumine.
1981
: The first ‘magnetization-transfer’
imaging by Robert N. Muller
1982
In ___, Toshiba obtained approval from
the Ministry of Health and Welfare in
Japan for the first commercial MRI system
1983
In ___, FONAR Corporation receives
FDA approval for its first MRI scanner
1984
By ___, the imaging time was reduced to
about five seconds, NMR
microscope, 10 mm resolution
1986
___: Jürgen Hennig, A. Nauerth, and
Hartmut Friedburg (University of Freiburg)
introduced RARE (rapid acquisition with
relaxation enhancement) imaging
1986
■ Real time MR imaging of the heart is
developed
1987
■ Le Bihan publishes an article in Radiology,
which describes diffusion weighted
imaging (DWI).
1986
In ___ echo-planar imaging was used to
perform real-time movie imaging of a
single cardiac cycle. In this same year
Charles Dumoulin was perfecting
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA),
which allowed imaging of flowing blood
without the use of contrast agents
1987
__/: Schering’s MAGNEVIST gets its first
approval by the FDA
1988
In 1991, ____ awarded Fourier
Transform NMR and MRI with the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry
Richard Ernst
■ Filler and colleagues describe imaging of
axonal transport of supermagnetic metal
oxide particles, a technique, which later
becomes important in imaging of neural
tracts.
1991
In 1991, __ was developed
independently by the University of
Minnesota’s Center for Magnetic
Resonance Research (CMRR) and
Massachusetts General Hospital’s (MGH)
MR Center.
fMRI
In ___ functional MRI (fMRI) was
developed. This technique allows the
mapping of the function of the various
regions of the human brain. Six years
earlier many clinicians thought echoplanar imaging’s primary applications was
to be in real-time cardiac imaging. The
development of fMRI opened up a new
application for EPI in mapping the regions
of the brain responsible for thought and
motor control.
1993
■ The first intraoperative MR unit developed
by GE and Harvard is installed in the
Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston
1994
From___ to __ Fonar was paid for the
infringement of it’s patents from ‘nearly every
one of its competitors in the MRI industry
including giant multi-nationals as Toshiba,
Siemens, Shimadzu, Philips and GE
1992
1997
In ___, researchers at the State University of
New York at Stony Brook and Princeton
University demonstrated the imaging of
hyperpolarized 129Xe gas for respiration
studies. MRI is clearly a young, but growing
science
1994
■ MRI neuroimaging and
musculoskeletal
1990s
In 1999, ___ developed the first truly
portable MRI technology and made MRI
technology available in the office of the
clinician
MagneVu
■ Cardiac MRI, Body MRI, fetal imaging,
functional MR imaging are further
developed and become routine in many
imaging centers. Research centers make
significant strides forward in imaging
cartilage on high field scanners. The
number of free standing MRI centers, most
of which utilize low or moderate field MR
scanners significantly increases.
2000s
