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Social Psychology > Prejudice and Intergroup Relations > Flashcards

Prejudice and Intergroup Relations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an in-group?

A

Social categories to which you belong

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2
Q

What is an out-group?

A

Social categories to which you do not belong

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3
Q

What is in-group bias?

A

Seeing your in-group as more positive than the out-group

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4
Q

What is prejudice?

A

A negative attitude or feeling held towards members of an out-group

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5
Q

What is intergroup discrimination?

A

The behavioural manifestation of prejudice

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6
Q

What is stigmatisation?

A

When a person’s social category puts them at a lower status than a dominant group and ascribes to them negative characteristics

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7
Q

What is old-fashioned racism?

A

The blatant expression of negative and unfair stereotypes of others based on their race

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8
Q

What is aversive racism?

A

Having both egalitarian attitudes and negative emotions towards members of different groups

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9
Q

Gaertner and Dovidio (1986)

A

Argue that modern racism is a conflict between modern egalitarian values (equal treatment for all and sympathy for victims of prejudice) and more explicit forms of racism perpetuated by minority groups conforming to negative stereotypes
Results in negative emotions and uneasiness

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10
Q

Gaertner and Bickman (1971)

A

Residents were called by either a white or black confederate (using an accent to make it obvious)
Asked to call a garage for them
White participants were more likely to help white confederate
Black ppts were more likely to help a white caller but this wasn’t statistically significant

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11
Q

Kleinpenning and Hagendoorn (1993)

A

Stage 1 = Old-fashioned racism
Stage 2 = Aversive racism
Stage 3 = Total egalitarianism

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12
Q

What is sexism?

A

The subordination of someone on the basis of their sex

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13
Q

Hymowitz and Schellhardt (1986)

A

Glass ceiling effect

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14
Q

What is hostile sexism?

A

Typically sexist attitudes towards women, that women are inferior etc

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15
Q

What is benevolent sexism?

A

Technically positive attitudes which idealise women in traditional roles such as homemaker or mother
Restrict women to certain roles, justifying male social dominance

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16
Q

Yale Rudd Centre for Food Policy and Obesity (2013) classroom guidelines…

A
  • Educate children on the many causes of obesity
  • Include examples of overweight role models in curriculum
  • Get students to take perspective of overweight person
  • Increase awareness of media’s unrealistic portrayal of thinness
  • Encourage all children to participate in sports and extracurricular activities
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17
Q

What are implicit attitudes?

A

Attitudes which are unintentionally activated by the mere presence of and attitude object

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18
Q

Greenwald, McGhee and Schwartz (1998)

A

Implicit association test (IAT)
Task that identifies the speed at which participants can categorise positive or negative stimuli alongside in-group and out-group stimuli
Usually shows that people show an implicit intergroup bias

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19
Q

What is the tripartite model?

A

Three components of prejudice…
Cognitive
Affective
Behavioural

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20
Q

What is the cognitive component of prejudice?

A

Stereotypes about outgroup

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21
Q

What is the affective component of prejudice?

A

Emotions about the outgroup

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22
Q

What is the behavioural component of prejudice?

A

Discrimination and bias

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23
Q

What is the theory of prejudice by Allport?

A
  • Universal cognitive processes
  • We use categories to make sense of complex world
  • Categories extend to relevant and meaningful groups
  • Develop schemas about these out-groups and respond accordingly
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24
Q

What is the theory of prejudice by Adorno?

A
  • Authoritarian personality

- Overly strict parents -> authoritarian personality -> more prejudice

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25
Q

What is the theory of prejudice by Sidanius & Pratto?

A
  • Social dominance orientation

- Endorsement of group-based hierarchy -> more prejudice

26
Q

What is the theory of prejudice by Devine & Monteith?

A
  • Self-regulation

- More motivation to reduce prejudice -> less prejudice

27
Q

What is the theory of prejudice by Pettigrew & Bulmer?

A
  • Prejudice is expressed in society through its laws, norms, institutions and culture
  • Residents learn specific prejudices via socialisation processes
  • Expectation regarding appropriate views and behaviour -what is acceptable/functional
28
Q

Realistic group conflict theory

A
  • Levine & Campbell (1972)
  • Conflict between groups is due to the perception of scarce resources
  • Based on actual competition
  • Predicts that economic deprivation will increase conflict
29
Q

Social identity theory

A
  • Tajfel & Turner (1979)
  • Groups become part of people’s self-concept
  • Individuals want their groups to look positive
  • Intergroup competition emerges as a way of enhancing group status
  • Predicts threat to group status will increase conflict
30
Q

Terror management theory

A
  • Greenberg et al (1986)
  • Humans possess self-consciousness and thus we are aware of our own mortality
  • This awareness produces terror, survival instinct
  • To manage this, we adopt cultural worldviews to provide sense of meaning to the world and maintain beliefs that our lives are meaningful
  • Inter-group conflict emerges because groups do not share cultural worldviews
  • Predicts that mortality salience will increase conflict
31
Q

Evolutionary theory of intergroup conflict

A
  • Various researchers
  • People’s safety is threatened by outgroup members
  • Cognitive-affective processes have evolved to help us identify and protect against these threats
  • Exemplified in the way that people represent groups and group differences
32
Q

Hypotheses from the evolutionary perspective of intergroup conflict

A
  • Conflict enhances status among men

- Conflict enhances health, as it limits exposure to outgroup members’ foreign desires

33
Q

What is the evidence for realistic group conflict theory?

A
  • Sherif’s summer camp studies

- Rewards for competition introduced at stage 2 enhanced conflict

34
Q

What is the evidence for social identity theory?

A
  • Minimal group paradigm

- Mere categorisation into arbitrary experimenter-created groups is sufficient to produce inter-group bias

35
Q

What is the evidence for terror management theory?

A
  • Experimental studies

- Mortality salience condition vs control condition

36
Q

Infrahumanisation

A

Viewing members of an outgroup as ‘less than human’ makes prejudice easier as we don’t believe they deserve the same rights

37
Q

Cuddy, Rock and Norton (2007)

A
  • Approached ppts 2 weeks after hurricane Katrina
  • White and non-white Americans presented with news story that a mother (white or non-white) had lost her child in the hurricane
  • Ppts asked to identify emotions she may be feeling and if they would volunteer for the relief effort
  • Mother experienced more secondary (human) emotions if she was part of the in-group
  • Ppts who didn’t infrahumanise outgroup members were more likely to say they would volunteer
38
Q

Dehumanisation

A
  • Cover targets’ head - become anonymous

- Treat them like animals - ignore their human characteristics

39
Q

Delegitimisation

A
  • Dehumanisation on a group scale

- Subsequent aggression to the outgroup can be justified

40
Q

Effects of prejudice

A
  • Poor physical health
  • Poor mental health
  • Low birthweight
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased onset of heart disease
41
Q

Criticism of Adorno et al (1950)

A
  • Theory didn’t receive unequivocal empirical support
  • Personality theories explain individual variation in attitudes, have difficulty explaining widespread and uniform prejudice
42
Q

Contact hypothesis

A
  • Contact between members of different groups can, under appropriate conditions, lead to the reduction of prejudice
  • Social norms favouring equality must be in place
  • Contact must occur under conditions of equal social status
  • Contact must involve cooperation to achieve a common goal
43
Q

Criticisms of the contact hypothesis

A
  • Failed to specify how the effects of contact would generalise from the immediate situation to other situations and from the individuals to the other in the groups
  • It became overly complicated with researchers specifying too many conditions which needed to be met
44
Q

Extended contact

A

Just knowing that people in your group have friends in the outgroup can reduce intergroup bias

45
Q

Imagined contact

A

The mental stimulation of a social interaction with a member or members of the outgroup

46
Q

Sherif’s summer camp studies

A
  • Observed two groups at a summer camp
  • Stage 1 - immediate effects of group formation
  • Stage 2 - effects of introducing competition
  • Stage 3 - could certain factors reduce intergroup conflict?
47
Q

Stage 1 of Sherif’s camp studies

A

Immediately observed…

  • Spontaneous suggestions for competition
  • Spontaneous social comparisons
  • Development of group icons
48
Q

Stage 2 of Sherif’s camp studies

A
  • Dramatic rise in derogation between groups
  • Burning logos, ransacking cabins
  • 93% friendships were defined by group affiliation
49
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

The intensification of in-group loyalty and increase in hostility towards the outgroup

50
Q

Stage 3 of Sherif’s camp studies

A
  • Arranged for the bus to break down on the way back from an activity
  • Groups had to work together to jump start the bus to get back for lunch
  • Cooperative goal with reward for both groups
  • Reduction in intergroup conflict and considerable reduction in derogation between the groups
51
Q

Minimal group paradigm

A
  • Tajfel et al. 1971
  • An experimental context which creates an ad hoc basis for categorisation and includes measures of, evaluation of, and discrimination between, the groups involved
  • Even in meaningless groups, people show in-group bias
52
Q

Category differentiation model

A
  • Doise (1978)
  • Imposing a system of classification on a series of previously unordered stimuli elicits an automatic response to think all those in one group are similar, and another automatic response to think that those in a different group are different
53
Q

Subjective group dynamics model

A

People not only discriminate to boost relative in-group positivity, but also monitor the coherence of the in-group and reject any deviants who could threaten the in-group as a source of positive self-esteem

54
Q

Self-categorisation theory

A
  • Turner et al (1987)
  • Re-emphasises the cognitive processes associated with contextual affiliation to social groups
  • Identity salience leads to depersonalisation, assimilation to group norms and self-stereotyping
  • Social categorisation and intergroup discrimination are context dependent and involve a search for meaning
55
Q

Subjective uncertainty reduction hypothesis

A
  • Social categorisation clarifies and defines social situations
  • Provides a means for predicting how outgroup members will behave
  • Provides a set of prescriptive in-group norms to guide perceivers
  • Group members are motivated to maintain the distinctiveness of their own groups from others
56
Q

Optimal distinctiveness theory

A
  • People are motivated to satisfy two needs which conflict one another
  • Need for assimilation and need for differentiation
  • People seek groups which provide a balance in these two motives
  • Bias will result when the need for differentiation isn’t satisfied
57
Q

Self-anchoring theory

A
  • Cadinu & Rothbart (1996)

- The self can be used as an informational base in social judgement

58
Q

Common in-group identity model

A
  • Gaertner & Dovidio (2000)
  • One way of improving intergroup relations is through re-categorisation from a two-group (us and them) to a one-group (us) representation
  • Working cooperatively or being reminded that both groups belong to an overarching group
59
Q

Decategorisation

A

When people stop using categories to form an impression of others, and see them as individuals

60
Q

Crossed categorisation

A

Making two bases for group membership simultaneously salient

61
Q

Multiple categorisation

A

Encouraging people to use many different ways of categorising people, rather than thinking about other all the time in terms of race, gender or age

62
Q

Social identity complexity

A

An individual’s subjective representation of the interrelationships among their multiple group identities

Social Psychology (9 decks)

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