Prejudice Flashcards
Individual differences in prejudice?
The 5 theories
Universal cog. processes - use categories and schemas
Authoritarian personality
Social dominance orientation
prejudice and self-regulation
socio-cultural and institutions - prejudice in society
The authoritarian personality - how do people get it?
what measures the personality?
Adomo et al - some people are more prejudiced dependent on their upbringing – personality arises as a defensive reaction to over-strict parents
F-scale is measure
limitations: didn’t predict racism in south africa and it has difficulty explaining widespread +uniform prejudice
Social Dominance Orientation
=our societies defined in part by implicit ideologies that either promote or attenuate intergroup status hierarchies
sidanius said people vary in SDO level (high SDO= favour intergroup hierarchies, support suspension of civil liberties and are oppsoed to immigration and gay rights)
Prejudice and self- regulation
cognitive dissonance
condor et al?
2 types of interactive prejudice suppression
people develop a motivation to control prejudice
if people act prejudice they may feel guilt due to egalitarian values
discrepancy between attitudes and behaviours can motivate people to change(cog. diss.)
Regulating through socially interactive dialogue: condor et al - found people don’t regulate prejudice in isolation, 2 types of interactive prejudice suppression:
1)people deny own prejudice as well as absent others
2) act on behalf of others present to prevent them appearing prejudice
Infrahumanization?
Why do it?
2 types of emotions attributed?
delegitimisation?
considering someone to be less than human
-perpetrator can legitimise hateful actions and reduce guilt =increase likelihood of aggression
1)primary = those both humans and animals share
2) secondary = uniquely human
group seen in a v negative light- labelled as a threat to norms
Key words: definitions ingroups outgroups ingroup bias intergroup discrimination stigmatization social categories
social category to which you belong
social category to which you don’t belong
more positive view towards ingroup
behavioural manifestation of prejudice
when persons social category puts them at a lower status
helps individual to understand world more(norms)
Racism
2 types?
moving towards egalitarianism? stages?
aversive racism = conflict between egalitarianism and negative emotions towards outgroup (feel shame/guilt)
old-fashioned racism = blatant expression of negative and unfair stereotypes of others
Moving towards egalitarianism: stages:
old/fashioned –> aversive–> egalitarian
Sexism
define
2 components?
subordination of someone on the basis of their sex
1) hostile sexism = what we typically know of as sexist attitudes towards women
2) benevolent sexism = less blatant. attitudes positive in valance and are characterised by ideals of women in traditional roles. conflict between: egalitatian and prejudice
ambivalent sexism = when men are high in both. they can have simultaneously positive and negative views about different subcategories
Implicit prejudice
explicit attitudes?
implicit = ? test for Implicit attitudes?
brain regions associated with implicit attitude?
explicit = blatant, conscious, can extract using questionnaire
implicit = unconscious, they are activated by presence of attitude object – measured by Implicit Association Test (IAT)
FMRI found amygdala activates for implicit association
Social exclusion
define
what can happen because of rejection?
being excluded, rejected or marginalised from desired group
rejection can cause: ill health, increase rates of cardiovascular disease and strokes
groups who experience racial discrimination =poorer physical and mental health (and higher levels of alcohol consumption)
Reducing prejudice:
contact hypothesis?
conditions necessary?
limitation??
=contact between members of different social groups, that can lead to reduction in intergroup bias
conditions needed:
-societal norms favouring equality
-contact must occur under conditions of equal status
-contact must involve cooperation to achieve common goal
limitation = how does effect generalise to whole population of outgroup? - may think individual is exception (to generalise person must be ‘psychologically salient)
= overly complex - many researchers specifying conditions
types of contact?
types:
-cross-group friendship = friends in outgroup
(reduce intergroup anxiety = less anxious)
-self-disclosure = sharing personal info between 2 people
–develop more + attitude to outgroup due to self-disclosure because:
1- more empathy towards outgroup
2- helps to generate mutual trust
Indirect contact?
2 types?
when there’s no opportunity for contact
1 - extended contact - knowledge that other people from ingroup know outgroup –> reduces intergroup anxiety
2- imagined contact - mental simulation of social interaction with outgroup
Indirect vs. Direct
indirect = more versatille, not reliant on contact oppurtunity direct = attitudes thought to be more long-lasting
continuum of contact - Crisp and Turner
= integrative model of different types of contact
imagined extended actual low high (opp. for contact) contact theory reduces stereotype threat
