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Endocrine Physiology > Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

A

Endocrine disorder caused by elevated levels of androgens

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2
Q

What are some symptoms of PCOS?

A

Polycystic ovaries
acne
hirsutism
associated with type 11 diabetes and obesity

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3
Q

What are two medications for PCOS?

A

IVF
Oral contraceptives

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4
Q

What is preimplantation diagnostic (PID)?

A

Removal of one embryonic cell
Diagnosis of genetic defects by methods of molecular biology

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5
Q

What are some pros and cons of PID?

A

cons - design baby, eugenics
Pros - healthy embryos, fewer abortions

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6
Q

When does implantation occur?

A

Day 7

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7
Q

What happens to the trophoblast?

A

Become either syncytiotrophoblast (invade endometrium) or cytotrophoblast (stay surrounding the blasteocoel)

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8
Q

What is the mass origin of the epiblast and inner cell?

A

Hypoblast

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9
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Fetomaternal organ

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10
Q

What are the 2 components of the placenta?

A

Fetal part - develops from chorionic sac
Maternal part - derived from the endometrium

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11
Q

What are the 5 functions of the placenta?

A

Protection
Nutrition
Respiration
Excretion
Hormone production

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12
Q

What is the amnion?

A

Fetal membrane that surrounds the fetus - mechanical protection

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13
Q

What is the chorion?

A

Fetal membrane that is smooth and villous (discoid placenta)

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14
Q

What are 2 other fetal membranes?

A

Yolk sac
Allantois - drains fetal urinary bladder

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15
Q

What is diagnostic amniocentesis?

A

Sampling of amniotic fluid by needle insertion through abdominal wall and uterus
week 12

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16
Q

What is chronic villus sampling?

A

Biopsy of chorionic villi in week 7

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17
Q

What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)?

A

Persistence of the C.I (progesterone secretion)
Prevents menstruations
development of decidual cells
production of testosterone in fetal testes

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18
Q

What and when is HCG synthesised?

A

Syncytial trophoblast cells from day 9 with peak during 10-12

19
Q

What is the role of estrogen?

A

Enlargement of uterus and breast ducts, external genitalia
relaxation of pelvic ligaments

20
Q

What is estrogen synthesised by?

A

Syncytial trophoblast cells from androgenic steriod compounds
peak at end of pregnancy

21
Q

What is the effect of progesterone?

A

Increase secretion and uterus before implantation
development of decidual cells
decreased contractility of pregnant uterus

22
Q

When does luteolysis lead to abortion?

A

Between week 7 and 12

23
Q

What is the effect of placental lactogen?

A

Development of breast
decreased insulin sensitivity/utilization of glucose in mother - more for fetus
release of FA in mother
promotion of fetal growth

24
Q

What does placental lactogen secretion start?

A

From 5th week onwards

25
Q

What is the effect of Relaxin?

A

Decreases uterine muscle contractility
Relaxation of ligaments of symphysis pubis
facilitates birth

26
Q

What is relaxin synthesised by?

A

Placenta and Corpus luteum

27
Q

What 2 events happen before paturition?

A

fetus, placenta and fetal membranes are expelled
labor - sequence of uterine contractions (dilation of cervix)

28
Q

What is parturition induced by?

A

Hormonal cascade:
fetal hypothalamus - CRH
fetal pituitary gland - ACTH
adrenal cortex - cortisol
stimulates estrogen production in placenta
release of prostaglandins - unterine contractions, sensitizing cells for oxytocin
maternal pituitary gland - oxytocin

29
Q

What are the 5 stages of labor?

A

Dilation of cervix
Expulsion
Placental seperation
Retained/adherent placenta

30
Q

When does breast development start?

A

During puberty by estrogen

31
Q

What occurs to the breast during pregnancy?

A

Final differentiation of duct system
growth of breasts due to increase of stroma and adipose tissue

32
Q

What 6 hormones are involved with the growth of the ductal system?

A

Estrogen
GH
Prolactin
adrenal glucocorticoids
insulin

33
Q

What hormone is involved with the development of the lobulealveolar system?

A

Progesterone

34
Q

What hormone promotes the secretion of milk?

A

prolactin (anterior pituitary gland)

35
Q

What causes a 10-20 fold surge in prolactin secretion?

A

Suckling

36
Q

What is the first milk secretion called?

A

Colostrum

37
Q

What 4 hormones support milk secretion?

A

GH
Cortisol
PTH
insulin

38
Q

What is milk flow in the ductal system induced by?

A

Contraction of myoepithelial cells in alveoli

39
Q

What hormone causes contraction of the myoepithelial cells?

A

Oxytocin

40
Q

What is menopause?

A

Cessation of ovary function (ripening and release of oocytes + estrogen release)
12 months with no bleeding

41
Q

What happens to hormone levels during menopause?

A

Low AMH
High FSH

42
Q

What are menopause symptoms?

A

Hot flushes
night sweats
vaginal dryness
incontinences
osteoporosis
depression

43
Q

What is treatment for menopause?

A

Hormone replacement
plant estrogen
herbal drugs

Endocrine Physiology (12 decks)

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