Female Reproduction

Question 1

What is ovotesticular DSD?

Answer 1

True hermaphroditisim - both testicular and ovarian tissue
46, XX

Question 2

What is female pseudohermaphroditism?

Answer 2

Virilization of external genitalia: clitoral hypertrophy
46, XX

Question 3

What is the cause of female pseudohermaphroditism?

Answer 3

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - excessive androgen production

Question 4

What is male pseudohermaphroditism?

Answer 4

Inadequate production of testosterone and AMH leading to ambiguous external genitalia
46 XY

Question 5

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Answer 5

Genetic defect on X chromosome resulting in resistance to testosterone in fetus - masculinisation impaired

Question 6

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Answer 6

genetic defect on X chromosome resulting in
resistance to the action of testosterone in the fetus:
masculinization is impaired or prevented

Question 7

What are 3 characteristics of androgen insensitivity syndrome?

Answer 7

Testes but female appearance
vagina ends as blind pouch
No menustration

Question 8

What is 5 alpha reductase deficiency?

Answer 8

Inherited autosomal recessive mutation in SRD5A2 gene

Question 9

What does a lack of 5 alpha reductase cause?

Answer 9

Testosterone isn’t converted into DHT
Female or ambiguous external genitalia with micropenis and hypospadias, cryptochidism, bifid scrotum, decreased male fertility

Question 10

What is the management of all DSDS?

Answer 10

Sex assignment
Genitoplasty
Gonadectomy
Hormone replacement therapy

Question 11

What is the major ovarian steroid before menopause?

Answer 11

Estradiol

Question 12

What is estradiol essential for?

Answer 12

Development of secondary sexual characteristics eg promotes adipose tissue deposition, growth of reproductive tissue and breast developement

Question 13

What is estrogen’s role in fertility?

Answer 13

Growth of ovarian follicles
endometrial and myometrial growth

Question 14

What is estrogens’s role in lactation?

Answer 14

Stimulates duct growth
Inhibits milk let down

Question 15

What is progesterone’s role in fertility?

Answer 15

Decrease uterine muscle contractions
Endometrium receptivity
cervical/vaginal actions

Question 16

What is progesterone’s action in lactation?

Answer 16

Stimulates lobuloalveolar development
Inhibits milk let down

Question 17

What is folliculogenesis?

Answer 17

Regulation by FSH

Question 18

Where does estrogen synthesis take place?

Answer 18

Follicles of the ovary

Question 19

When is LH peak?

Answer 19

Ovulation

Question 20

What forms the corpus luteum?

Answer 20

Progesterone

Question 21

What hormone is responsible for luteolysis?

Answer 21

PGF2alpha

Question 22

When does ovulation occur/

Answer 22

Day 11-14

Question 23

What is ovulation?

Answer 23

Expulsion of mature oocyte to abdominal cavity

Question 24

What is the oocyte collected by?

Answer 24

Trumpet-shaped distal end of uterine tube (infundibulum)

Question 25

What is oocyte expulsion triggered by?

Answer 25

LH surge

Question 26

What is an example of natural contraception?

Answer 26

Temperature/mucus/calendar method 80% effectivity only applied in women with a regular cycle

Question 27

What are characteristics of the combined pill?

Answer 27

Contains estrogen and progesterone prevents ovulation (99% effective) reduces period pain can cause reduced antibiotic effectivity

Question 28

What are characteristics of the mini-pill?

Answer 28

Contains progesterone prevents ovulation, egg implantation and sperm getting through cervix (99% effective) for patients with high BP

Question 29

What atre the advantages of 17beta-estradiol compared to ethinylestradiol?

Answer 29

Less -ve impact on liver metabolism and ZNS high protective effect to osteoporosis +ve effect on vaginal epithelium, skin and CT less effects on CV system

Question 30

What does the morning after pill contain?

Answer 30

Progesterone

Question 31

What are 5 advantages of a vaginal ring?

Answer 31

safe as pill high cycle stability simple to apply high compliance good for young women

Question 32

What does the IUD contain?

Answer 32

copper or levonorgestrel (LNG, progesterone)

Question 33

What are potential IUD complications?

Answer 33

Expulsion, perforation of uterus and inflammation

Question 34

What is the injectable contraception?

Answer 34

Injected every 12 weeks contains progesterone prevents sperm getting through cervix and egg implantation takes time for periods and fertility to reoccur

Question 35

What is the patch?

Answer 35

Transdermal patch applied to skin that releases synthetic estrogen and progesterone changes every 7d