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OSSF Final > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Progesterone maintains pregnancy by inhibiting

A

Myometrial contraction and prostaglandin

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2
Q

Interferon-Tau

A

Anti-luteolytic

Secreted by blastocyst in cow/ewe

Turns off prostaglandin production

Suppresses estrogen receptors and oxytocin receptors

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3
Q

Two fates of pregnenolone

A

Progesterone (via 3BHSD) to corticosterone

17-hydroxy-pregnenolone (via 17a-hydroxylase) to cortisol

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4
Q

Estrogen and prolactin levels during pregnancy:

A

increase gradually

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5
Q

LH levels during pregnancy

A

remain low

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6
Q

Progesterone actions during pregnancy

A
  • Increase uterine milk (sepias) by increasing vascularity
  • Decrease uterine contraction
  • Decrease estrogen receptors
  • Decrease immune competence
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7
Q

Luteotropins in most domestic animals

A

a. LH - pulse every 2-3 hours

b. Relaxin - made by placenta and ovaries

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8
Q

Luteotropins in rodents

A

a. LH
b. Prolactin (instead of relaxin)

Both activated by copulation (neuroendocrine)

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9
Q

Luteotropin in sheep

A

Prolactin

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10
Q

Progesterone levels during pregnancy

A
  1. CL makes P4
  2. P4 drops
  3. eCG rescues P4 production
  4. After day 100, placenta takes over (for CL) for P4 production
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11
Q

What is responsible for increased water retention during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

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12
Q

Epostane

A

Terminates preganancy by inhibiting 3BHSD

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13
Q

RU-486 (Mitegyne or mifepristone)

A
  • Blocks P4 receptors
  • Terminates early pregnancy
  • Administered with prostaglandins
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14
Q

Estradiol (E2) actions on uterus

A
  1. Increases E2, oxytocin, AND P4 receptors
  2. Increases protein synthesis
  3. Increases straight uterine ducts
  4. Increases blood supply
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15
Q

The MAJOR source of DHEA is

A

fetus

minor source = maternal

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16
Q

DHEAS become

A

Androstenedione (which becomes testosterone/estradiol)

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17
Q

Which 3 PROTEIN hormones (not steroid hormones) are made by the placenta?

A
  1. Chorionic gonadotropins
  2. Lactogen
  3. Relaxin
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18
Q

Gestation length of cow (and when does placenta takeover P4 production)

A

9 mo. ; 6-8 mo.

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19
Q

Gestation length of ewe and when does placenta takeover P4

A

5 mo. ; 50 days

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20
Q

Gestation length of mare and when does placenta takeover P4

A

11 mo. ; 70 days

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21
Q

Gestation length of dog and when does placenta takeover P4

A

9 weeks ; never

  • Only ovaries make P4 in dog
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22
Q

hCG

A

Fertility pill that mimics LH

Detected in:

Blood after 7 days of pregnancy

Urine after 14 days of pregnancy

Increases T3 and T4

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23
Q

eCG

A

Increases progesterone in primary CL

Comes from endometrial cups

Not detected in urine

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24
Q

Placental lactogen

A
  • Binds prolactin receptors in brain, mammary gland, and ovaries
  • does NOT reach fetus
  • Related to prolactin and growth hormone (in humans)
  • Increases erythropoietin and RBC mass
  • Inhibits prolactin in rat and ewe
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25
GH levels during pregnancy
unchanged
26
LH and FSH levels during pregnancy
low
27
ACTH levels during pregnancy
mostly unchanged but decrease in 3rd trimester (due to negative feedback from cortisol) promotes DHEAs (estradiol precursor)
28
TSH levels during pregnancy
may initially increase but mostly unchanged
29
Prolactin (PRL) during pregnancy
Rise to term (weeks before/after pregnancy)
30
Why is adendohypophysis NOT essential for pregnancy?
Of all the products of the adendohypophysis, only PRL changes during pregnancy
31
Testosterone levels during pregnancy
Increase to 2000 pg/mL (term)
32
DHEA during pregnancy
Decrease; 5 ng/mL
33
Androstenedione during pregnancy
Small increase to 2.56 ng/mL
34
Cortisol during pregnancy
3x increase to 300 ng/mL -Inhibits ACTH, leading to insulin resistance and diabetes-like state - Transcortin also increases, so half-life of cortisol increases - biosynthesis of cortisol decreases - Mares are exception - Progesterone blocks cortisol receptors (weakly) to prevent onset of Cushing's
35
Aldosterone during pregnancy
Increase in 2nd and 3rd trimesters to 100 ng/mL
36
DOC during pregnancy
10x increase to 1200 pg/mL
37
Cortisol POST pregnancy
- Decline in estrogen causes decline in transporting (CBG) | - Causes release of free cortisol and induction of lactation
38
Total T4 during pregnancy
Increases during 2nd trimester, then plateaus | 150 ng/mL
39
Free T4 during pregnancy
Unchanged (goes down for short time as TBG increases) 30 pg/mL
40
Total T3 during pregnancy
Increases during 2nd trimester, then plateaus | 2 ng/mL
41
Free T3 during pregnancy
Unchanged (goes down for short time as TBG increases) 4 pg/mL
42
Heart rate during pregnancy
Gradually increases 20%
43
Blood pressure during pregnancy
Gradually decreases 10% by 34 weeks, then returns to normal
44
Stroke volume during pregnancy
Increases to maximum at 19 weeks, then plateaus
45
Cardiac output during pregnancy
Rises rapidly by 20%, then gradually increases an additional 10% by 28 weeks
46
Peripheral venous dilation during pregnancy
Progressive increase
47
Blood Volume during pregnancy
increases 50%
48
Hematocrit during pregnancy
Decreases slightly: | a. Placental lactogen increases EPO and RBC mass, but plasma volume increases as well
49
Fibrinogen during pregnancy
Increased by E and P4
50
Electrolyte concentration during pregnancy
Doesn't change
51
Respiratory rate during pregnancy
Doesn't change
52
Tidal volume during pregnancy
Increases 30-40% due to P4 increasing CO2 sensitivity in brain
53
Expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes during pregnancy
Decrease gradually
54
Vital capacity during pregnancy
Doesn't change
55
Respiratory minute volume during pregnancy
Increases by 40%
56
Renal blood flow during pregnancy
Increases 30-40%
57
GFR during pregnancy
Increases initially, then plateaus
58
Effect of pregnancy on GI tract
GI motility decreases | Gastric emptying TIME increases
59
Effects of pregnancy on pancreas
1. B-cell hyperplasia (slight) 2. Insulin increase in 2nd trimester 3. Insulin resistance in 3rd trimester due to a. PL b. PRL c. Cortisol d. Progesterone
60
During pregnancy, cortisol sensitivity
Decreases

OSSF Final (8 decks)

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