Female Reproductive Histology

Question 1

Primordial germ cells and primary germ cells are both

Answer 1

2n, diploid

Question 2

Primary oocyte

Answer 2

Arrested in Prophase I

Question 3

Secondary oocyte

Answer 3

Arrested in Metaphase II

Question 4

Describe migration of primordial germ cells

Answer 4

Yolk sac -> genital ridge

Question 5

During migration, do primordial germ cells undergo mitosis or meiosis?

Answer 5

Mitosis

Question 6

Describe development of primary germ cells (oogonia) - NOT primary oocytes

Answer 6

1) Form cords
2) Cords become clusters
3) Clusters within medulla degenerate
4) Clusters survive in cortex only

Question 7

When are primary oocytes arrested in prophase I?

Answer 7

From birth to until oocytes is recruited into follicular wave (must be post-puberty)

Question 8

Which stage of oocyte is ovulated in most animals? In dogs?

Answer 8

Most animals: Secondary oocyte containing 1st polar body (arrested at Metaphase II)

Dog: Primary oocyte (arrested at Prophase I) fertilized

Question 9

When does meiosis II resume?

Answer 9

Upon fertilization (most animals)

EXCEPTION: In dogs, fertilization resumes meiosis I

What this means: If you see an oocyte w/ 2 polar bodies, it must be fertilized

Question 10

Germinal epithelium

Answer 10

Outermost layer of ovary

Question 11

Where are follicles found?

Answer 11

Cortex (EXCEPT in horse)

Question 12

Primordial Follicles

Answer 12

• Single layer of SQUAMOUS cells

- Primary oocyte

Question 13

Primary Follicles

Answer 13

• Single layer of CUBOIDAL granulosa cells
• Primary oocyte
• Unresponsive to hormones

Question 14

Secondary Follicles

Answer 14

• Multiple layers of granulosa cells and theca cells
• Development of zona pelucida (b/t oocyte and granulosa cells)
• Still primary oocyte (but larger)
• Responsive to hormones
• Cortical granules

Question 15

Tertiary Follicles

Answer 15

• Antrum:
  a) Theca interna - androgens/testosterone
  b) Theca externa - vascular layer
• Still primary oocyte

Question 16

Graafian Follicles

Answer 16

• Eccentric oocyte
• Cumulus - granulosa cells around oocyte
  a) Innermost layer = corona radiata
• Mural cells (granulosa cells on follicular wall) have aromatase
• SECONDARY oocyte (except dog)

Question 17

Atretic Follicles

Answer 17

Variable appearance depending on “time of death” but usually granulosa cells detached from basement membrane

Question 18

Histological changes across oviduct going from isthmus to infundibulum

Answer 18

1) Ciliated cell (vs peg cell) numbers INCREASES
2) Complexity of folds INCREASES
3) Thickness of smooth muscle DECREASES

Question 19

Describe orientation of muscle in oviduct

Answer 19

Inner circular

Outer longitudinal

Question 20

Describe 2 layers of endometrium

Answer 20

1) Epithelium
a) NONciliated columnar
2) Lamina propria
a) Tubular uterine glands

Contains caruncles

Question 21

Describe 3 layers of myometrium

Answer 21

1) Stratum submucosum
- Circular muscle
2) Stratum vascular
- Blood vessels
- Circular and oblique m.
3) Stratum subserosum
- Longitudinal muscle

Question 22

Uterine response to progesterone

Answer 22

1) Myometrial quiescence (EXCEPT mare)

2) Secretory phase/branching of glands

Question 23

Uterine response to estrogen

Answer 23

1) Mucosa thickens
2) Glands elongate
3) Myometrium can contract

Question 24

What is unique about the cervix histologically?

Answer 24

No muscularis layer

Question 25

Cervix epithelium

Answer 25

1) Folded 2) Simple columnar epithelium 3) Mucinous (i.e. goblet) cells that secrete during estrus and pregnancy

Question 26

In estrus, vaginal folds are

Answer 26

white and wrinkled

Question 27

In proestrus, vaginal folds are

Answer 27

pink and swollen

Question 28

Vaginal epithelium

Answer 28

1) Folded 2) Stratified squamous w/ simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells 3) Glands/lymphatics in (paler) submucosa 4) Thickens and cornices during proestrus and estrus

Question 29

Tunica serosa/adventitia of vagina

Answer 29

Dense CT | Extensive vasculature

Question 30

Mammary gland alveoli

Answer 30

1) Lined by single layer of cuboidal or columnar - Respond to prolactin 2) Outer myoepithelial cells (very thin) - Respond to oxytocin

Question 31

Diffuse placentas are found in

Answer 31

horse and pig

Question 32

Zonary placentas are found in

Answer 32

carnivores

Question 33

Discoid placentas are found in

Answer 33

primates and rodents

Question 34

Synepitheliochorial placentas are found in

Answer 34

ruminants

Question 35

Epitheliochoral placentas are found in

Answer 35

horse and pig

Question 36

Hemochorial placentas are found in

Answer 36

rodents and primates

Question 37

Endotheliochoral placentas are found in

Answer 37

carnivores

Question 38

Binucleate giant cells

Answer 38

- Found in synepitheliochorial placentas | - Secrete lactogen (growth hormone)

Question 39

Syncytiotrophoblasts

Answer 39

- Found in endotheliochorial placenta | - Destroy maternal tissue

Question 40

Umbilical cord has

Answer 40

2 arteries 2 veins Allantoic duct

Question 41

Allantoic duct connects

Answer 41

bladder with allantoic sac