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SA Therio > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Four ways to diagnose pregnancy?

A
  1. Palpation
  2. Ultrasonography
  3. Radiography
  4. Relaxin hormone testing
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2
Q

Palpation diagnose of pregnancy - benefits?

A
  • Inexpensive and readily performed
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3
Q

Drawbacks of palpation

A
  • can be inconclusive

- Doesn’t really give you specifics

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4
Q

How long after conception can you palpate chorionic vesicles?

A
  • 25-40 days

- GENTLE PALPATION

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5
Q

What will you palpate on a female dog pregnant from 40 days to term?

A
  • General caudal abdominal distension

- Fetuses coalesce and don’t have distinct vesicles, making them harder to feel

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6
Q

What can you palpate from 50 days to term depending on conformation?

A
  • Fetuses
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7
Q

When to diagnose with ultrasound?

A
  • After day 25 (but closer to 30 I think?)
  • Assess fetal viability by heart beat after day 25
  • Monitor problem pregnancy and embryonic or fetal loss
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8
Q

What is one thing you can only do on ultrasound?

A
  • Assess fetal viability with heart rate
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9
Q

What is difficult to do on ultrasound?

A
  • Assess gestational age
  • There are some measurements that you can take that suggest gestational age, but they are formulated based on breed size so have limited use
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10
Q

When can you use radiography to determine pregnancy?

A
  • Day 45 to term
  • Day 45 is mineralization of the skull and spine
  • requires skeletal mineralization
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11
Q

How is radiography useful?

A
  • can count number of fetuses more accurately

- Less useful for determining fetal viability

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12
Q

Hormones during pregnancy

A
  • Progesterone
  • Estrogen
  • relaxin
  • Prolactin
  • Growth hormone
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13
Q

Progesterone in pregnancy

A
  • Elevated for duration of gestation
  • Maintains endometrial integrity and glandular function
  • Maintains attachment of placenta
  • Suppresses uterine contraction
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14
Q

Estrogen during pregnancy

A
  • Rises 10-15 days after LH surge

- Supports progesterone secretion and progesterone receptors

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15
Q

Relaxin during pregnancy

A
  • Produced only by the placenta
  • Earliest detection around 21 days post LH surge, but if you’re going to use it to detect pregnancy, do it around 30 days
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16
Q

Prolactin during pregnancy

A
  • Supports corpora lutea function in conjunction with estradiol
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17
Q

Growth hormone during pregnancy

A
  • can lead to mammary development, but does lead to insulin resistance
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18
Q

Canine placentation

A
  • Zonary
  • Endotheliochorial
  • Chorioallantoic placenta after week 4
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19
Q

Normal physiologic changes during pregnancy

A
  • Normocytic, normochromic anemia
  • 35% PCV 20 days post-LH surge due to volume expansion
  • Mild neutrophilia
  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Decreased serum protein
  • Decreased BUN/creatinine (dilution)
  • Insulin resistance
  • Decreased serum calcium
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20
Q

What body score has highest chance of conception?

A
  • BCS slightly below normal or at ideal weight and gaining

- Overweight females have increased problems (diabetes) and increased incidence of dystocia

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21
Q

When is energy demand greatest during gestation?

A
  • Last 3 weeks of gestation
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22
Q

What to feed?

A
  • NRC and AAFCO for all life stages
  • Carbs, protein, and fat in proper proportion
  • Vitamins, minerals, and AAs in line with energy content
  • DO NOT SUPPLEMENT calcium
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23
Q

How much to feed a pregnant female dog?

A
  • Base on the energy requirements of the female
  • ME = 130 x body weight x 0.75
  • The 130 is a coefficient that varies depending on the activity of the dog
  • ME requirement can be determined from what has been fed to keep female at the ideal body weight
24
Q

When is fetal growth rate greatest?

A
  • During last 3 weeks of 9 week pregnancy

- female will gain 25% body weight during last 3 weeks of pregnancy

25
Q

What should change about food, quantity, or frequency for first 6 weeks of gestation?

A
  • No change in requirement for food, quantity, or frequency for first 6 weeks of gestation
  • Some bitches may have normally reduced appetite during mid to late gestation
26
Q

Feeding during last three weeks of pregnancy

A
  • Increase ME gradually over weeks 7, 8, and 9 to 50% above pre-breeding amount
27
Q

How much to increase Me fed by third week of lactation?

A
  • Up to 3 times the pre-breeding amount
28
Q

When does eclampsia or puerperal tetany occur?

A
  • Usually at highest lactation, but can see anytime from pre-partum to 4 weeks post-partum
29
Q

Pathophysiology of eclampsia

A
  • Loss of membrane bound calcium allows easier depolarization of muscle fibers
30
Q

Clinical signs of eclampsia

A
  • Uterine inertia, panting, whining, muscle fasciculations, seizures, hyperthermia
31
Q

Calcium levels for puerperal tetany/eclampsia/hypocalcemia

A
  • Total serum calcium <9 mg/dL
32
Q

What is appropriate dietary Ca:P ratoi?

A
  • 1.2:1
  • Homemade diets may vary considerably!!!
  • If you give too much external calcium, that can mess up the stores of calcium
33
Q

Treatment for puerperal tetany?

A
  • Acute crisis administer calcium by slow IV
  • Carefully monitor HR by auscultation
  • Stop injection with any dysrhythmia or change in heart rate
  • Dose based on type of calcium
  • 10% calcium gluconate
  • Oral supplementation with calcium carbonate and vitamin D
  • MAY give cabergoline to stop lactation
34
Q

Which breeds get hypoglycemia?

A

Very small breeds

35
Q

Clinical signs of hypoglycemia?

A
  • Similar to puerperal tetany
36
Q

How to diagnose an animal showing signs of puerperal eclampsia?

A
  • Run serum calcium as well as glucose
  • If serum tests not readily available, check urine glucose with dipstick to ensure patient does not have insulin resistant diabetes mellitus
  • If the urine glucose is normal, you can give oral glucose while continuing to pursue diagnosis and definitive treatment
37
Q

How to treat hypoglycemia?

A
  • Treat with IV dextrose
38
Q

How common is pregnancy toxemia in dogs?

A
  • Uncommon compared to other species
39
Q

What can lead to pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Large litter size and inadequate nutrition (usually in form of inadequate carbohydrates) leads to ketosis
  • Anorexia during last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy
40
Q

How do you differentiate diabetes mellitus from pregnancy toxemia?

A
  • Urine ketones in absence of urine glucose is pregnancy toxemia
41
Q

Treatment of pregnancy toxemia

A
  • May respond to increased energy in the diet

- May require termination of pregnancy

42
Q

Gestational diabetes mellitus

A
  • Progesterone stimulates growth hormone and leads to insulin resistance during late pregnancy
  • May see in diabetic keto-acidotic crisis
43
Q

How to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus?

A
  • High serum glucose or high urine glucose and urine ketones
44
Q

Treatment for gestational diabetes mellitus?

A
  • If diagnosed early, insulin therapy may help

- Termination of pregnancy often necessary

45
Q

Drugs during pregnancy

A
  • Avoid at all possible
46
Q

What changes during pregnancy impact drug distribution?

A
  • Serum albumin
  • Renal clearance
  • Cardiac output
47
Q

Is there a reliable placental barrier to any drug?

A
  • NO
48
Q

Class A drugs

A
  • Specific studies have proven safety in species during pregnancy
49
Q

Class B drugs

A
  • Lab animal studies show some risk, but likely safe if used cautiously
50
Q

Class C drugs

A
  • Studies have shown potential risks and should be used only as a last resort
51
Q

Class D drugs

A
  • Contraindicated during pregnancy
52
Q

Examples of class A drugs

A
  • Amoxicillin, Cephalosporin, Clavamox, Clindamycin,
  • Miconazole
  • Fenbendazole, Pyrantel
  • Lidocaine, naloxone
  • Antacids, sucralfate
53
Q

Examples of drugs Class B

A
  • Sulfonamides, TMS
  • Ketoconazole
  • Acepromazine, Fentanyl, isoflurane, morphine, butorphanol
  • Antiemetics, Metoclopramide
  • DOpamine, heparin, theophylline
54
Q

Examples of class C drugs

A
  • Chloramphenicol, gentamycin, metronidazole
  • Amitraz
  • Diazepam, halothane, thiopental, corticosteroids
55
Q

Examples of Class D drugs

A
  • ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, streptomycin
  • Pentobarbital
  • Diethylstilbestrol, estradiol, stanozolol, testosterone

SA Therio (10 decks)

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