Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Maternity & OB > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

Define Gravida.

A

Pregnant woman.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does Gravidity refer to?

A

of pregnancies.

number of pregnancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Parity.

A

of pregnancies where the fetus is born past the point of legal viability; live or dead.

of pregnancies where the fetus is born past the point of legal viability; live or dead; # of pregnancies carried to gestational age >20wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Primigravida?

A

Pregnant for the 1st time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define Primipara.

A

Delivered 1 child past the age of legal viability; live or dead.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Viability in the context of pregnancy?

A

Capacity to live outside the uterus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the legal viability gestation period?

A

20 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does Functional viability refer to?

A

24-25 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define Multigravida.

A

Has been pregnant before.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Multipara?

A

Carried 2 or more pregnancies to viability; live or dead.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does Nulligravida mean?

A

Never been and is not currently pregnant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fill in the blank: TOP stands for _______.

A

Termination of pregnancy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a Miscarriage?

A

Spontaneous loss of pregnancy <20th week, most often <12th week.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define Stillbirth.

A

Fetus born dead post 20 weeks gestation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Due date in pregnancy?

A

40 0/7 days weeks gestation (from start of last menstrual period).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is considered Early term in pregnancy?

A

37 0/7 — 38 6/7 weeks of gestation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does Full term refer to in pregnancy?

A

39 0/7 — 40 6/7 weeks of gestation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define Late term in pregnancy.

A

41 0/7 — 41 6/7 weeks of gestation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Postterm in pregnancy?

A

42 0/7 weeks and beyond.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Define preterm

A

20 - 37 wks
- extreme preterm <28wks
- very preterm: <32wks
- mod preterm: 32-24sks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when is age of viability during preterm birth

A

fetus can live outside of the uterus
24-25wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three trimesters of pregnancy and their week ranges?

A
  • 1st: 1-13 weeks
  • 2nd: 14-27 weeks
  • 3rd: 28-40 weeks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What significant developmental events occur during the 1st trimester?

A

Organogenesis and fetal circulation system development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the ‘Golden period’ in pregnancy?

A

The 2nd trimester, characterized by increased energy and decreased symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Naegele’s Rule used for?

A

Calculating estimated due date (EDD).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How do you calculate Naegele’s Rule

A
  • based on a 28 day menstrual cycle
  • 1st day of last menstrual period - 3 M, + 7 days, + 1yr
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the purpose of GTPAL

A

concisely record a pregnancy history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does GTPAL stand for?

A
  • G: gravidity (twins and triplets counts as one)
  • T: term births (> 37wks)
  • P: preterm births (twins and triplets counts as one)
  • A: abortions (include miscarriages)
  • L: living (counted individually, doesn’t include dead)

T + P + A = G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are Presumptive signs of pregnancy?

A

Signs that suggest pregnancy but are not definitive
- breast changes
- N/V
- frequent urination
- fatigue
- amenorrhea: no period
- uterine enlargement
- quickening: first movements a mother can feel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When would a mother feel quickening if it’s primigravida vs. multigravida

A

primigravida: 18-20wks
multigravida: 14-16wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are Probable signs of pregnancy?

A

Objective signs that a healthcare provider may detect
- Urine/serum hCG
- striae gravidarium, melasma, linea nigra, nipples & areola
- fetal outline felt by examiner
- abdominal enlargement
- Chadwick’s sign
- Goodell’s sign
- Hegar’s sign
- Ballottement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is Chadwick’s sign

A

blue-purple coloration of the vaginal mucosa, cervix, and vulva @ 6-8wks
due to hypervascularization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is Goodwell’s sign

A

softening of the cervix and vagina, increased leukorrhea discharge @ 8wks d/t progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is Hegar’s sign

A

softening of the uterine segment @ 6wks d/t progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is ballottement

A

light tap of the examination finger on the cervix @ 6-8wks
checks amniotic fluid
sensation of fetal movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is linea nigra

A

dark vertical line on the abdomen from the pubic bone to the navel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are Positive signs of pregnancy?

A

signs that confirm pregnancy; objective data
* Fetal heartbeat detected
* Visualization of the fetus via ultrasound
* Fetal movement palpation by the examiner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an initial prenatal care history focused on?

A

Current and previous pregnancies, medical history, and partner’s history.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the frequency of prenatal visits from weeks 4-28?

A

1 visit per month.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the frequency of prenatal visits from weeks 28-36?

A

1 visit q2wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the frequency of prenatal visits from weeks 36-40?

A

1 visit q week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

how do you measure the fundal height

A

pubic symphysis to the uterine fundus (cm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what 3 physical markers are there for fundal height

A
  • 12 wks: above the pubic symphysis
  • 20-24wks: umbilicus
  • 36+ wks: xiphoid process
44
Q

What screening occurs during the 1st trimester?

A
  • US to confirm pregnancy
  • Optional: US for aneuploidy via nuchal translucency
  • Cell free DNA screening for trisomy 21, 18, 13; female or male
  • Chorionic villi sampling @10-13wks: aspiration of placental tissue for genetic disorders
45
Q

What is the purpose of a quad screen during the 2nd trimester?

A

To assess risk for open fetal defects and trisomy 21 & 18.
maternal blood test

46
Q

quad screen is recommended for those that ___________

A
  • 35+ yrs old
  • viral infection during pregnancy
  • family hx of congenital disabilities
  • exposure to radiation
  • diabetic and uses insulin
  • harmful meds use during pregnancy
47
Q

what is amniocentesis for and how is it done

A

needle into uterine cavity to get amniotic fluid
fetal cells for genetic testing

48
Q

what tests are done during the 2nd trimester

A
  • quad screen: 15-22wks
  • amniocentesis: 15-20wks
  • gestational diabetes: 24-28wks
  • RhoGAM Rh negative antibody screening: 26-28wks
49
Q

what tests are done during the 3rd trimester

A
  • Group B strep screening
  • fetal daily kick counts, biophysical profile with nonstress test
  • fetal nonstress test
  • fetal positioning
50
Q

what are normal daily kick counts

A

4 movements within 1 hr is good, fewer report to PCP

51
Q

What does Group B strep screening involve?

A

Vaginal and rectal swab cultures at 35-37 weeks before labor.

52
Q

how is the biophysical profile done & what does it test

A

US with nonstress test
- tests fetal movement, tone (flexing and extending limbs), breathing, amniotic fluid volume

53
Q

what does the US part of biophysical profile test entail

A

fetal breathing
- episode of 20+ secs of rhythmic breathing in 30 minutes

fetal movement
- 2+ episodes of torso or limb movement

muscle tone
- 1 episode of bending plus straightening of limb or trunk

qualitative amniotic fluid volume
- 1+ vertical pocket greater than 2cm or more

54
Q

what score for the biophysical profile test is good and bad

A

8/10 is good
6: repeat test or consider induction of labor
4: could be fetal asphyxia, induction if 32+ wks
0: induction immediately

55
Q

what does the fetal non-stress test tell you

A

autonomic nervous system function
overall oxygenation

56
Q

what does the fetal non-stress test involve

A

fetal non-stress test
- <32wks
- reactive: 2x acceleration of 10secs+ of 10+bpm in 20mins

2 accelerations of HR at least 10BPM above baseline and lasting 10 secs in a 20 mins period

  • nonreactive: no acceleration within 40mins
57
Q

what does the fetal stress test tell you

A
  • FHR response to uterine contractions to assess fetal tolerance of labor
  • tests placental function and O2 delivery during contractions
58
Q

what does the fetal stress test involve

A

fetal stress test
- uterine contractions induced using nipple stimulation or oxytocin
- negative (good): no HR drops after peak of a contraction
- positive (bad): late decelerations of HR with half uterine contractions

59
Q

what maneuver is done to check fetal positioning

A

Leopold maneuvers + US
- deep palpation to identify head and body positioning

60
Q

how does the uterus adapt to pregnancy

A

Uterus
- Braxton-Hicks contractions: painless, intermittent
- larger size

61
Q

how does the cervix adapt to pregnancy

A

Cervix:
- softening: Goodell’s sign

62
Q

how does the vagina/vulva adapt to pregnancy

A

Vagina/vulva: increased vascularity
- color change: Chadwick’s sign
- leukorrhea: increased white discharge
- relaxation of vaginal wall & perineal body
- acidic pH to prevent bacterial growth

63
Q

how does the ovaries adapt to pregnancy

A

Ovaries
- corpus luteum produces progesterone to maintain endometrium

64
Q

how do breasts adapt to pregnancy

A

Breasts
- estrogen & progesterone promotes growth: areola darken

65
Q

how does the heart adapt to pregnancy

A

Heart
- enlarges slightly, shifts upwards and left
- CO increased by 30-50% by 24th wk

66
Q

how does the following change with pregnancy:
- CO
- resting HR
- blood volume
- peripheral resistance

A
  • CO increase
  • resting HR increase
  • blood volume increase
  • decreased peripheral resistance
67
Q

how does the blood adapt to pregnancy

A

Blood
- plasma volume increases
- RBC increases
- maternal HCT decreases
- physiological anemia
- varicosities & dependent edema

68
Q

what are the 4 major changes with blood flow during pregnancy

A
  1. more blood in circulation: possible increased HR & CO
  2. skin requires increased circulation to dissipate heat
  3. weight of growing uterus obstructs blood return from the veins in legs -> stagnation of blood in lower extremities
  4. altered blood flow to include utero-placental unit
69
Q

how does the BP change during pregnancy

A

BP
- decreased in 1st trimester due to decrease in PVR
- diastolic BP decreases slightly during 2nd trimester then return to baseline
- supine hypotension: enlarged uterus compresses inferior vena cava

70
Q

how does clotting factors change during pregnancy

A

Clotting factors
- blood factors increased, hypercoagulable state: reduce hemorrhage postpartum
- coagulation inhibiting factors decrease
- plasma fibrin increases, fibrinogen increases
- no change in platelets or clotting time

71
Q

what is normal HCT & WBC in pregnancy

A
  • normal HCT 35-44, pregnancy around 30
  • WBC: up to 16,000
72
Q

how does breathing change during pregnancy

A
  • shifts from abdominal to thoracic breathing
  • dyspnea, deep breathes, slight resp alkalosis
73
Q

how does the following change with pregancy:
- RR
- minute ventilation
- functional capacity
- tidal volume

A
  • increased RR
  • increased minute ventilation
  • decreased functional capacity
  • increased tidal volume
  • other: dyspnea, resp alkalosis
74
Q

how does the breasts change with pregnancy

A
  • larger and more tender
  • nipples stick out more
  • 3rd trimester: colostrum - yellow watery pre-milk may leak
75
Q

how does the chest physiology adapt in pregnancy

A

enlarging uterus lifts diaphragm
- increase in chest circumference ~6cm
- increase in costal angle >90 degrees

76
Q

how does progesterone and estrogen affect respiratory system during pregnancy

A
  • progesterone: decreases airway resistance
  • estrogen: increases vascularity of mucous membranes -> epistaxis, nasal stuffiness
77
Q

how does the mouth change due to pregnancy

A
  • mouth: increased vascularity -> gingivitis, bleeding gums, ptyalism (hypersalivation)
78
Q

how does the esophagus change due to pregnancy

A
  • esophagus: decreased tone of esophageal sphincter (GERD)
79
Q

how does the intestines change due to pregnancy

A
  • intestine: progesterone decreases tone and motility -> constipation
80
Q

how does the gallbladder change due to pregnancy

A
  • gallbladder: hypotonic and longer emptying time -> risk for gallstones
81
Q

how does progesterone affect the smooth muscle during pregnancy

A

relaxes smooth muscles (i.e. GI)

82
Q

how does the renal system adapt to pregnancy

A
  • urinary frequency increases
  • dilation of renal structures: urinary stasis -> risk for UTI
  • increased GFR: rid of extra waste
  • proteinuria & glucosuria
83
Q

how does the MSK system adapt to pregnancy

A
  • progesterone & relaxin: increased joint mobility, softening of pelvic ligaments and joints “waddling gait”
  • lordosis: risk for falls
  • diastasis recti during 3rd trimester
84
Q

how does progesterone & relaxin affect the MSK system

A
  • relaxation of smooth muscles
  • increased joint mobility
  • softening of pelvic ligament and joints -> waddling gait
85
Q

What is diastasis recti?

A

Separation of rectus abdominis muscle due to abdominal distension

86
Q

how does estrogen & progesterone affect the integumentary system during pregnancy

A

increased melanin:
- melasma (chloasma): brownish pigmentation of cheeks, nose, forehead — made worse with sun exposure
- striae gravidarum: tear of subq tissue and collagen
- linea nigra

increased vascularity
- varicosities, spider nevi, palmar erythema

87
Q

how do hairs and nails change due to pregnancy

A

grows more rapidly

88
Q

What hormone prepares breasts to produce milk?

A

Prolactin from anterior pituitary gland

89
Q

what hormone causes uterine contractions and milk ejection reflex?

A

oxytocin from posterior pituitary gland

90
Q

What are striae gravidarum?

A

Stretch marks caused by growth of breasts, hips, abdomen, and buttocks

Result from tearing of subcutaneous connective tissues and collagen.

91
Q

how does the endocrine system change with pregnancy

A
  • placenta acts as temporary endocrine gland that produces estrogen and progesterone
  • “hot flashes” by increased metabolic rate & increased hormones
  • parathyroid gland increases in size to meet requirement for calcium
  • posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin at end of term to initiate labor
  • anterior pituitary secretes prolactin at birth to induce breast milk
92
Q

What causes varicosities, spider nevi, and palmar erythema during pregnancy?

A

Hormone-induced increase in elasticity of vessels and increased venous pressure from an enlarged uterus.

93
Q

Which hormones are produced by the anterior and posterior pituitary during pregnancy?

A

Anterior: prolactin
Posterior: oxytocin.

94
Q

What is the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnancy?

A

Maintains pregnancy by stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone and estrogen.

95
Q

What is the recommended weight gain women during pregnancy?

A

25-35lbs gained with BMI 18.5-24.9

96
Q

what are some common discomforts during pregnancy

A
  • N/V
  • breast tenderness
  • heartburn
  • backache
  • urinary frequency
  • constipation/flatulence
  • fatigue
  • nasal stuffiness, epistaxis
  • varicosies, ankle edema
  • ptyalism (excess saliva)
  • leg cramps
97
Q

How many calories are recommended for women of childbearing age?

A

1800-2400 cal/day, plus 300 calories for pregnancy and 500 calories for breastfeeding.

98
Q

What is the significance of folic acid during pregnancy?

A

Can decrease the likelihood of neural tube defects.

99
Q

how much folic acid should a pregnant person take, what if they’re at risk?

A

0.4mg/day
for those at risk: 1-4mg/day
should start taking 3 months before pregnancy

100
Q

What should women at risk for neural tube defects do regarding folic acid?

A

Ask their PCP about a higher daily dose (1-4mg) and start 1-3 months before conceiving.

101
Q

What foods should be avoided to reduce the risk of listeria during pregnancy?

A
  • Unpasteurized milk
  • Hot dogs/luncheon meats
  • Soft cheeses
  • Smoked seafood
  • Pates/meat spreads
102
Q

What types of exercises are recommended for healthy pregnant women?

A

Aerobic exercises like walking and running.
exercise will not cause complications

103
Q

what type of exercises should a pregnant lady avoid

A
  • yoga poses that require lying on the back for a long time
  • hot yoga -> overheating
  • contact sports, scuba diving, skydiving
104
Q

What are examples of teratogens?

A
  • Radiation
  • Maternal infections
  • Chemicals
  • Drugs
105
Q

during what time period that are a pregnancy more susceptible to teratogens

A

1-2 wks: not susceptible, death and spontaneous abortion common
3-8wks: highly sensitive
9-38 wks: less sensitive

106
Q

True or False: The effects of teratogens are more common in the first trimester.

A

True.

107
Q

What are some danger signs during pregnancy?

A
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Persistent vomiting/diarrhea
  • Contractions every 4-6 hours prior to 37 weeks
  • Rupture of membranes
  • Rapid fluid weight gain
  • Continuous headache
  • Visual disturbances
  • Epigastric pain
  • seizures
  • Persistent abdominal pain
  • painful urination
  • chills/fever
  • changes in fetal movement pattern after 28wks

Maternity & OB (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions