Intro to reproductive systems Flashcards
what are 3 phases of the ovarian cycle
- follicular phase: period starts
- ovulatory phase: release of oocyte
- luteal phase: after ovulation
what occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
- LH & FSH released from anterior pituitary gland from the (GnRH) hypothalamus
- inducing maturation of graafian follicle - producing estrogen
then ovulatory phase
what occurs during the ovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle
- peak estrogen
- release of oocyte
- estrogen decrease, progesterone increase
- peak LH
then luteal phase
what occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
- graafian follicle becomes corpus luteum
- if pregnant: releases more progesterone and estrogen
- if period: degenerates and decreased progesterone
what are the 2 phases of the endometrial cycle
- proliferative phase
- secretory phase
what occurs during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle
- includes menstruation to ovulation
- graafian follicle releases more estrogen
- causing endometrium to thicken and more vascularized
what occurs during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle
- includes end of ovulation to start of period
- corpus luteum releases more progesterone
- endometrium thickens
- if pregnant: endometrium thickens more, secretes glycogen for blastocyst implantation
- if not pregnant: period
explain the steps to oogenesis
- FSH -> graafian follicle -> increased estrogen
- mitosis: primary oocyte & stem cell
- meiosis: secondary oocyte & polar body (puberty)
- meiosis: mature ovum & lots of polar bodies
what are the 3 conditions required for successful fertilization
- ovulation & mature ovum enters the fallopian tube
- sperm deposits & travel to fallopian tube
- one sperm cell penetrates the mature ovum
what occurs after fertilization in the fallopian tube
- cell division: zygote -> day 3: morula (16 cells) -> day 5: blastocyst (trophoblast: placenta+ embryoblast:embryo)
- blastocyst implants in fundus 5-6 days -> placenta & embryo
- organogenesis: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
what time period is considered an embryo vs. fetus
- embryo is implantation to 8wks
- fetus is 9th wk to birth
when does the circulatory system develop and when are organs formed
- heart forms by 3rd wk, circulatory system by 4th wk
- organs formed in 8th wk
full term is how many weeks
38wks
how is the placenta formed
- mom: endometrium form compartments called cotyledons
- fetus: trophoblast -> chorionic membrane + chorionic villi
what are the 3 functions of the placenta
- metabolic & gas exchange via cotyledons
- hormone production: progesterone, estrogen, hCG, hPL
- prevent blood mixing
what is the function of hCG
- stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen until placenta can do so
- pregnancy test
what is the function of hPL
- promotes fetal growth by regulating glucose
- stimulates breast development for mom
what pregnancy categories should be avoided
C, D, X can cross placental membrane and should be avoided
describe the changes in amniotic fluid production between the trimesters
- 1st trimester: amniotic membrane produces fluid
- 2nd to 3rd trimester: fetal kidneys produce 800-1,000mLs around 34 wks, reduced to 500-600mLs full term
what are the 4 functions of the amniotic fluid
- cushions
- prevents adherence of fetus to membranes
- freedom of fetal movement: symmetrical MSK development
- consistent thermal environment
how many arteries and veins are in the umbilical cord & what carries dO2 and O2
- 2 arteries: dO2
- 1 vein: O2
surrounded by wharton’s jelly to prevent compression
count the #s for increased chance of cardiac or vascular defect
what are the 5 main causes of infertility in men
- endocrine: LH, FSH, testosterone -> affects sperm production
- spermatogenesis affected by gonadotoxins (i.e. STIs, drugs (chemo, CCB, alcohol, heroin), prolonged heat exposure, pesticides)
- sperm antibodies: testicular trauma, vesectomy reversal
- missing/blocked transport factors: inguinal hernia, congenital absence of vas deferens
- intercourse d/o: ED, retrograde ejaculation, hypospadias
what med do you give for sperm antibodies
corticosteroids
what are the 3 main causes of infertility in women
- ovulatory dysfunction: hormone imbalance, increased prolactin levels inhibits GnRH, premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovarian syndrome
- tubal/pelvic issues: damage to fallopian tubes (previous pelvic inflammatory dx, endometriosis), uterine fibroids (benign growths on uterine wall)
- cervical mucous factors: infection, cervical dysplasia treatment cryotherapy
risk factors for infertility in men & women
Men
- environmental pollutants
- smoking (even weed), drinking, drug use
- STIs
- older age
Women
- autoimmune d/o
- obesity, eating d/o, poor nutrition
- excessive exercising
- STIs
- diabetes
- older age
diagnosing infertility
- STI screenings
- hormone lvls
- semen analysis
- LH surge via urine test
- ovarian reserve testing: size of remaining egg reserve w/ transvaginal US
- sonohysterogram/hysteroscopy
- hysterosalpingogram: endocervical canal, uterine cavity, fallopian tubes —via fluoroscopic dye
when is it considered infertility
can’t conceive after 12M or 6M for women >35yrs old
