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Maternity & OB > Intro to reproductive systems > Flashcards

Intro to reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  1. follicular phase: period starts
  2. ovulatory phase: release of oocyte
  3. luteal phase: after ovulation
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2
Q

what occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  • LH & FSH released from anterior pituitary gland from the (GnRH) hypothalamus
  • inducing maturation of graafian follicle - producing estrogen

then ovulatory phase

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3
Q

what occurs during the ovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  • peak estrogen
  • release of oocyte
  • estrogen decrease, progesterone increase
  • peak LH

then luteal phase

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4
Q

what occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

A
  • graafian follicle becomes corpus luteum
  • if pregnant: releases more progesterone and estrogen
  • if period: degenerates and decreased progesterone
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5
Q

what are the 2 phases of the endometrial cycle

A
  1. proliferative phase
  2. secretory phase
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6
Q

what occurs during the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle

A
  • includes menstruation to ovulation
  • graafian follicle releases more estrogen
  • causing endometrium to thicken and more vascularized
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7
Q

what occurs during the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle

A
  • includes end of ovulation to start of period
  • corpus luteum releases more progesterone
  • endometrium thickens
  • if pregnant: endometrium thickens more, secretes glycogen for blastocyst implantation
  • if not pregnant: period
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8
Q

explain the steps to oogenesis

A
  1. FSH -> graafian follicle -> increased estrogen
  2. mitosis: primary oocyte & stem cell
  3. meiosis: secondary oocyte & polar body (puberty)
  4. meiosis: mature ovum & lots of polar bodies
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9
Q

what are the 3 conditions required for successful fertilization

A
  1. ovulation & mature ovum enters the fallopian tube
  2. sperm deposits & travel to fallopian tube
  3. one sperm cell penetrates the mature ovum
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10
Q

what occurs after fertilization in the fallopian tube

A
  1. cell division: zygote -> day 3: morula (16 cells) -> day 5: blastocyst (trophoblast: placenta+ embryoblast:embryo)
  2. blastocyst implants in fundus 5-6 days -> placenta & embryo
  3. organogenesis: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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11
Q

what time period is considered an embryo vs. fetus

A
  • embryo is implantation to 8wks
  • fetus is 9th wk to birth
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12
Q

when does the circulatory system develop and when are organs formed

A
  • heart forms by 3rd wk, circulatory system by 4th wk
  • organs formed in 8th wk
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13
Q

full term is how many weeks

A

38wks

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14
Q

how is the placenta formed

A
  • mom: endometrium form compartments called cotyledons
  • fetus: trophoblast -> chorionic membrane + chorionic villi
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15
Q

what are the 3 functions of the placenta

A
  1. metabolic & gas exchange via cotyledons
  2. hormone production: progesterone, estrogen, hCG, hPL
  3. prevent blood mixing
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15
Q

what is the function of hCG

A
  • stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen until placenta can do so
  • pregnancy test
16
Q

what is the function of hPL

A
  • promotes fetal growth by regulating glucose
  • stimulates breast development for mom
17
Q

what pregnancy categories should be avoided

A

C, D, X can cross placental membrane and should be avoided

18
Q

describe the changes in amniotic fluid production between the trimesters

A
  • 1st trimester: amniotic membrane produces fluid
  • 2nd to 3rd trimester: fetal kidneys produce 800-1,000mLs around 34 wks, reduced to 500-600mLs full term
19
Q

what are the 4 functions of the amniotic fluid

A
  1. cushions
  2. prevents adherence of fetus to membranes
  3. freedom of fetal movement: symmetrical MSK development
  4. consistent thermal environment
20
Q

how many arteries and veins are in the umbilical cord & what carries dO2 and O2

A
  • 2 arteries: dO2
  • 1 vein: O2

surrounded by wharton’s jelly to prevent compression

count the #s for increased chance of cardiac or vascular defect

21
Q

what are the 5 main causes of infertility in men

A
  1. endocrine: LH, FSH, testosterone -> affects sperm production
  2. spermatogenesis affected by gonadotoxins (i.e. STIs, drugs (chemo, CCB, alcohol, heroin), prolonged heat exposure, pesticides)
  3. sperm antibodies: testicular trauma, vesectomy reversal
  4. missing/blocked transport factors: inguinal hernia, congenital absence of vas deferens
  5. intercourse d/o: ED, retrograde ejaculation, hypospadias
22
Q

what med do you give for sperm antibodies

A

corticosteroids

23
Q

what are the 3 main causes of infertility in women

A
  1. ovulatory dysfunction: hormone imbalance, increased prolactin levels inhibits GnRH, premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovarian syndrome
  2. tubal/pelvic issues: damage to fallopian tubes (previous pelvic inflammatory dx, endometriosis), uterine fibroids (benign growths on uterine wall)
  3. cervical mucous factors: infection, cervical dysplasia treatment cryotherapy
24
Q

risk factors for infertility in men & women

A

Men
- environmental pollutants
- smoking (even weed), drinking, drug use
- STIs
- older age

Women
- autoimmune d/o
- obesity, eating d/o, poor nutrition
- excessive exercising
- STIs
- diabetes
- older age

25
Q

diagnosing infertility

A
  • STI screenings
  • hormone lvls
  • semen analysis
  • LH surge via urine test
  • ovarian reserve testing: size of remaining egg reserve w/ transvaginal US
  • sonohysterogram/hysteroscopy
  • hysterosalpingogram: endocervical canal, uterine cavity, fallopian tubes —via fluoroscopic dye
26
Q

when is it considered infertility

A

can’t conceive after 12M or 6M for women >35yrs old

Maternity & OB (3 decks)

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