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PHYSIOLOGY FINALS 2ND SEM > PREGNANCY > Flashcards

PREGNANCY Flashcards

1
Q

2 stages of fertilization and maturation of ovum

A

Primary Oocyte Stage
Secondary Oocyte Stage

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2
Q

it is the surrounding layer of granulosa cells

A

CORONA RADIATA

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3
Q

during ovulation what is expelled from the ovary into the Peritoneal Cavity?

A

ovum and its corona radiata

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4
Q

opening of the fallopian tube is also called?

A

OSTIUM

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5
Q

where does fertilization takes place?

A

FALLOPIAN TUBE

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6
Q

Secreted by ovarian corpus luteum during latter half of each monthly sexual cycle. Converts endometrial stromal cells into large swollen cells

A

PROGESTERONE

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7
Q

what is conceptus?

A

an embryo and its appendages

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8
Q

Implantation of conceptus causes?

A

● Endometrial cells swells further and store more nutrients
● Now called the Decidual Cells & total mass is called the DECIDUA

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9
Q

it form cords that grow into the endometrium

A

Trophoblast cells

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10
Q

contains capillaries carrying fetal blood and they are surrounded by sinuses filled with maternal blood

A

placental villi

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11
Q

it diffuses from maternal blood through the placental membranes and into the fetal blood

A

OXYGEN

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12
Q

Mean PO2 for blood in the maternal sinuses?

A

50mmHg

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13
Q

Mean PO2 in the venous end of the fetal capillaries?

A

30mmHg

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14
Q

the driving force for the diffusion of oxygen from the maternal to the fetal blood

A

20mmHg pressure gradient

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15
Q

Fetal Hgb (Hemoglobin) has greater affinity for Oxygen than adult Hgb. fetal is 50% greater than maternal (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

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16
Q

extremely soluble in biologic membranes and moves easily across layers of placenta

A

CARBON DIOXIDE

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17
Q

Movement of metabolic substrates across the placenta occurs by the same mechanism that operate in other parts of the body

A

● Glucose – facilitated diffusion
● Fatty acids – simple diffusion
● Electrolytes (Na, K) – diffusion & active transport

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18
Q

What are the 3 NPNs (nonprotein nitrogen)?

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine

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19
Q

what are the HORMONES ESSENTIAL TO A NORMAL PREGNANCY?

A
  1. Human chorionic gonadotropin
  2. Estrogens
  3. Progesterone
  4. Human chorionic somatomammotropin
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20
Q

These sex hormones prevent menstruation and cause the endometrium to continue to grow and store large amounts of nutrients rather than being shed in the menstruum.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

21
Q

made by cells formed in the placenta, which nourishes the egg after it has been fertilized and becomes attached to the uterine wall. Levels can be first be detected by a blood test

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

22
Q

responsible for the development of female sexual characteristics. also made by the placenta during pregnancy to help maintain a healthy pregnancy

A

ESTROGEN

23
Q

Extreme quantities of estrogen causes?

A

1.Enlargement of the mother’s uterus
2. Enlargement of the mother’s breast and growth of the breast ductal structure
3. Enlargement of the mother’s female external genitalia

24
Q

made by ovaries and by the placenta during pregnancy. It stimulates the thickening of the uterine lining in anticipation of implantation of a fertilized egg

A

PROGESTERONE

25
Q

Effects of progesterone essential for the normal progression of pregnancy are?

A
  1. decreases the contractility, thus preventing uterine contractions
  2. contributes to the development of the conceptus even before implantation
  3. helps the estrogen prepare the mother’s breasts for lactation
26
Q

Secreted by the placenta at about the fifth week of pregnancy. Causes decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased utilization of glucose in the mother

A

Human chorionic somatomammotropin

27
Q

a polypeptide that Cause relaxation of the pelvic ligaments. Soften the cervix of the pregnant woman at the time of delivery

A

RELAXIN

28
Q

WHAT ARE THE RESPONSE OF MOTHER’S BODY TO PREGNANCY?

A

❖ Uterus increases from about 50 grams to 1100 gram, and the breasts approximately double in size
❖ Vagina enlarges and the introitus opens more widely
❖ Also the various hormones can cause marked changes in a pregnant woman’s appearance

29
Q

What is The maternal blood volume?

A

30% above normal

30
Q

maternal blood volume is caused by?

A

➔ Aldosterone and estrogens
➔ Increased fluid retention
➔ Active bone marrow

31
Q

this produces extra red blood cells to go with the excess fluid volume

A

Active bone marrow

32
Q

Mother has about 1 to 2 liters of extra blood in her circulatory system (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

33
Q

what is the Normal volume of amniotic fluid?

A

500 milliliters and 1 liter

34
Q

Large portion of the amniotic fluid is derived from?

A

renal excretion by the fetus

35
Q

facts about PREECLAMPSIA OR TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY

A

❖Rapid rise in arterial blood pressure to hypertensive levels during the last few months of pregnancy
❖ Associated with leakage of large amounts of protein into the urine
❖ Often characterized by excess salt and water retention
❖ Weight gain and development of edema and hypertension

36
Q

ECLAMPSIA is Characterized by?

A

➔ Vascular spasm throughout the body
➔ Clonic seizures in the mother
➔ Sometimes coma
➔ Greatly decreased kidney output
➔ Malfunction of the liver
➔ Often extreme hypertension
➔ Generalized toxic condition of the body

37
Q

Increased uterine excitability near term. It Means birth of the baby

A

PARTURITION

38
Q

2 major categories of effects lead up to the intense contractions responsible for parturition

A
  1. Progressive hormonal changes that cause increased excitability of the uterine musculature
  2. Progressive mechanical changes
39
Q

Hormone secreted by the neurohypophysis that specifically causes uterine contraction

A

OXYTOCIN

40
Q

Mechanical factors that increase uterine contractility are?

A

➔ Stretch of the uterine musculature
➔ Stretch or irritation of the cervix

41
Q

weak and slow rhythmical contractions

A

Braxton Hicks contractions

42
Q

strong contractions that result in final parturition

A

Labor contractions

43
Q

stretching of the cervix by the fetus’s head; pushes the baby forward, which stretches the cervix more

A

Positive feedback theory

44
Q

For 10 to 45 minutes after birth of the baby, the uterus continues to contract to a smaller size (TRUE OR FALSE)

A

TRUE

45
Q

Give the 4 stages of labor

A

A. First stage (Stage of Cervical Dilation)
B. Second stage (Stage of Expulsion)
C. Third stage (Placental Stage)
D. Fourth stage (Maternal Homeostatic Stabilization Stage)

46
Q

begins with onset of regular contractions and ends with complete dilation

A

First stage (Stage of Cervical Dilation)

➔ Latent (0-3 cm)
→ Active (4-7 cm)
→ Transitional (8-10 cm)

47
Q

Begins with complete cervical dilation and ends with delivery of fetus

A

Second stage (Stage of Expulsion)

48
Q

Begins immediately after fetus was born and ends when placenta is delivered

A

Third stage (Placental Stage)

49
Q

Begins after the delivery of the placenta and continues for one to four hours after delivery

A

Fourth stage (Maternal Homeostatic Stabilization Stage)

PHYSIOLOGY FINALS 2ND SEM (4 decks)

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