pregnancy Flashcards
what weeks are T1
conecption/one till 12/13
what weeks are T2
14 till 27
what weeks are T3
28 till 40
name function of the placenta
key endocrine organ (hormones)
suppplies nutrients and O2
removes waste products
acts as physical barrier
name the stages of T1
the blastogenetic stage
the embryonic stage
the foetal stage
what weeks are the blastogenesis stage
1-2
what weeks are the embronic stage
2-8
what weeks are the foetal stage
8+
what is the average weight increase during T2
25-875g
when does the foetal become viable
after T2
what T does the baby quadruple in weight
T3
what happens during T3
stores of fat and other nutrients developed
maturation of organs
how much extra energy is required during T3
200kcal
name some metabolic and physical changes that occur during pregnancy
25-30% blood increase
increased oestrogen and progesterone
heart burn increased
urinary output increased
name the benefits of exercise during labor
weight bearing - decrease length of labour
makes foetal stress less frequent
more likely to continue exercise after birth
what is the average pregnancy weight gain
12kgs
name the benefits of desirable weight gain
optimizes maternal survival
reduces complications in labour
gives the greatest foetal growth
how much weight gain comes from the foetus
3300-3500g
how much weight comes from the placenta
650g
what is the average total weight gain during pregnancy
11500-13500g
why is extra energy required
increased mass of uterus
formation of feotus
expanded blood volume
additional cost of locomotion
why is protein required
growth of the foetus and maternal tissues
why does a foetus need amino acids
processes of protein synthesis, carbon accretion, oxidative metabolism and biosynthesis
what is the RNI for protein
0.75g per kg of body weight per day
what are the best source of LCPUFAs
oily fish, eggs, meat
what should you limit oily fish to
2 a week
what seafood should you avoid
shark, swordfish and marlin
what vitamins are required in extra
A, B2 (riboflavin), Folate, C and B1 (thiamine)
ho much more vit A is required
100ug a day
how much extra riboflavin/B2 is required
300ug daily
how much extra folate is required
100ug daily
how much extra vit C is required
10mg a daily (only T3)
how much extra thiamine/vit B1 is required
100ug daily (only T3)
what is vit A required for
growth and maintenance
what is vit D used for
prevention of rickets
what is an adversion
disgust to the smell or taste of a food/drink
common early adversions
tea, coffee, alcohol, fried foods
common late adversions
sweet foods
what is PICA
desire for substances not fit for food
how many woman experience nausea and vomiting
60-80%
what causes morning sickness
increase in oestrogen and progesterone
recommendations to help morning sickness
eat plain crackers when you first wake up
small frequent meals rich in CHO
ginger tea
keep hydrated
avoid tea/coffee
what is hyperemesis gravidarium
persistent vomiting before the 20th week of gestation
what T does heart burn commonly occur
3rd
how is heartburn caused
abdorminal pressure caused by enlarged uterus
recommendations for heart burn
small frequent meals, eat slowly, milk and yohurt, avoid lying 1-2 hours after eating
what causes constipation and haemorrhoids
progesterone slows peristalic action of smooth muscle in bowel
enlarging uterus displaces internal organs
reccomendations for constipation and haemorrhoids
increase fluid intake
high fibre diet
increased physical activity
what is pre-eclampsia
hypertension and oedema
what are the risk factors for pre-eclampsia
<20 or >40
high BMI
family history
what is the only cure of pre-eclampsia
early delivery or C section
what is gestational diabetes mellitus
a type of diabetes developed during pregnancy in woman that have never had diabetes before
what is the treatment for gestational diabetes
low sugar, high fibre diet
insulin sometimes required
what are the risks of smoking
increased chance of miscarriage and still birth
poor growth and low birth weight
premature delivery
decreases O2 to baby
increases heart rate of baby
alcohol during pregnancy may result in what
spontaneous abortion
CNS impairment
birth defects
what is caffeine a risk factor for
miscarriage
what is reccomended max intake
200mg/day (roughly 2 mugs)
