Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Social Beahviour > Predjudice and discrimination > Flashcards

Predjudice and discrimination Flashcards

1
Q

Predjudice definition

A

unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dehumanisation definition

A

stripping poeple of their dignity and humanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Genocide definition

A

the ultimate expression of prejudice by extermination an entire social group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Predjudice: Three component attitude model

A
  1. Cognitive - beliefs about a group
  2. affective - strfeelings about a group and qualities it is believed to posess
  3. conative - intentions to behave in certain ways towards a group
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are target groups formed

A

by social categorizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which positions do target groups have

A

lower positions in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

On what are target groups based on?

A

race, ethnicity, sex, age, sexual orientation, physical and mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Sexism definition

A

predjudice and discrimination against people based on their gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Social stereotypes of gender

A

Men more competent and independent
Women more warm and expressive
(Men´s sterotypical traits more valued)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stereotype definition

A

widely shared and simplified evaluative image of a social group and its members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sex roles

A

behaviour deemed sex-stereotypical appropriate behaviour deemed sex-stereotypical appropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Role congruity theory

A

because social stereotypes of women are inconsistent with people’s schemas of effective leadership, women are evaluated as poor leaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

why do sex stereotypes persist

A

because the role assignment to gender persist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Glass ceiling

A

An invisible barrier that prevents women, and minorities, from attaining top leadership positions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Glass cliff

A

A tendency for women rather than men to be appointed to precarious leadership positions associated with a high probability of failure and criticism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Face-ism

A

Media depiction that gives greater prominence to the head and less prominence to the body for men, but vice versa for women (facial prominence signify ambition and intelligence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Attribution

A

process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour, and that of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ambivalent sexism inventory

A

differentiates between hostile and benevolent attitudes to women on dimensions relating to attractiveness, dependence and identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

benevolent attitudes

A

heterosexual attraction, protection, gender role complementarity (sexist attitudes towards traditional women in public settings -> less negatively perceived)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hostile attitudes

A

heterosexual hostility, domination, competition (sexist attitudes towards non-traditional women in private settings -> socially unacceptable)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anti-discrimination legislation

A

making higher positions more attainable for minorities and changing the perception of those

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Racism definition

A

Predjudice and discrimination against people based on their ethnicity or race

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aversive/Modern racism

A

people experience a conflict between deepseated emotional antipathy towards racial groups in contrast modern egalitarian values pressuring behaviour in a non-predjudiced manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cognitive dissonance resolution process

A

denial of racism thus opposition to address racial disadvantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice and discrimination against people based on their age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how and why are elderly people predjudiced

A

treated as worthless and powerless
have prescriptive stereotypes by ageists which they have to follow
small integrational encounter remain isolated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

intergroup anxiety with handicappd people

A

feeling uneasy in presence uncertain how to interact emphasising handicap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

reluctant to help in predjudice

A
  • > refusing to help groups improving position in society
  • > combination of racial anxiety and antipathy with belief that disadvantage is overstated encourages people not to offer help
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Tokenism

A

The practice of publicly making small concessions to a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reverse discrimination

A

the practice of publicly being prejudiced in favour of a minority group in order to deflect accusations of prejudice and discrimination against that group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Stigma definition

A

Group attributes that mediate a negative social evaluation of people belonging to the group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Visible/concealable and controllable/uncontrollable stigmas

A

Visible: cannot be concealed in order to cope with stereotypes
Concealable: avoid the experience of predjudice
Controllable: are believed to be chosen rather than assigned having chosen them
Uncontrollable:people believe other having little choice in possessing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

self-evaluative advantage

A

having a downward comparison with stigmatised groups which give people positive sense of self and social identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

effects of stigma

A
  • > legitimising inequalities
  • > discrediting and degrading different world view giving controllability
  • > adaptive cognitive process avoiding poor social exchange partners who could threaten access to resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Stigmatised group´s self-esteem

A
  • > internalised negative evaluations depress self-esteem

- > often individual resilient in sustaining positive self image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Feeling that we will be judged and treated in terms of negative stereotypes of our group, and that we will inadvertently confirm these stereotypes through our behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Combat stereotype threat

A
  • > knowing about it
  • > reduce the degree to which one’s identity is tied to a performance that may attract negative feedback
  • > identify strongly with one’s stigmatised group
  • > have extensive favourable intergroup contact with the anxiety- provoking outgroup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

Expectations and assumptions about a person that influence our interaction with that person and eventually change their behaviour in line with our expectations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Dehumanisation

A

denies people human uniqueness and human nature

40
Q

Essentialism

A

Pervasive tendency to consider behaviour to reflect underlying and immutable, often innate, properties of people or the groups they belong to

41
Q

Self dehumanisation

A

when we behaved in a way one is considering as immoral in order to protect the integrity of our larger conception of self

42
Q

Absence of institutionalised or legislative support

A
  • > systematic acts off mass discrimination

- > violence against outgroups

43
Q

cultural assimilation

A

Genocide in which entire cultural groups disappear as discrete entities through systematic suppression of their culture

44
Q

mere exposure effect

A

Repeated exposure to an object results in greater attraction to that object
-> unfamiliar objects are feared of

45
Q

Transmission of parental predjudice

A

parental modelling, instrumental/operant conditioning and classical conditioning

46
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration
-> target of aggression perceived as agent of frustration

47
Q

Scapegoat

A

: Individual or group that becomes the target for anger and frustration caused by a different individual or group or some other set of circumstances

48
Q

Displacement

A

Psychodynamic concept referring to the transfer of negative feelings on to an individual or group other than that which originally caused the negative feelings

49
Q

Collective behaviour

A

The behaviour of people en masse – such as in a crowd, protest or riot

50
Q

Relative deprivation

A

A sense of having less than we feel entitled to

51
Q

Authoritarian personality

A

Personality syndrome originating in childhood that predisposes individuals to be prejudiced

52
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups

53
Q

Dogmatism and closed-mindness

A

Cognitive style that is rigid and intolerant and predisposes people to be prejudiced

54
Q

Authoritarianism with three components

A
  • > conventionalism: adherence to societal conventions that are endorsed by established authorities
  • > authoritarian aggression: support for aggression towards social deviants
  • > authoritarian submission: submission to society’s established authorities
55
Q

Social dominance theory

A

Theory that attributes prejudice to an individual’s acceptance of an ideology that legitimises ingroupserving hierarchy and domination, and rejects egalitarian ideologies

56
Q

System justification theory

A

Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo

57
Q

Belief congruence theory

A

The theory that similar beliefs promote liking and social harmony among people while dissimilar beliefs produce dislike and prejudice

58
Q

Intergroup behaviour

A

Behaviour among individuals that is regulated by those individuals’ awareness of and identification with different social groups

59
Q

J-curve

A

A graphical figure that captures the way in which relative deprivation arises when attainments suddenly fall short of rising expectations

60
Q

Two forms of Relative deprivation

A
  • > Egoistic relative deprivation: A feeling of personally having less than we feel we are entitled to, relative to our aspirations or to other individuals
  • > Fraternalistic relative deprivation: Sense that our group has less than it is entitled to, relative to its aspirations or to other groups
61
Q

Four factors involved in social unrest with Fraternalistic relative deprevation

A
  • > strong identification with intergroup
  • > collective action has to be considered practical and bringing about social change
  • > perception of contributive or procedural injustice
  • > intergroup-outgroup comparison has to be made
62
Q

Social movement participation four steps

A
  • > sympathiser believing change can be made through collective action
  • > information
  • > develop motivation
  • > overcoming barriers to participate
63
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Sherif’s theory of intergroup conflict that explains intergroup behaviour in terms of the nature of goal relations between groups

  • > exclusive goals cause intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
  • > shared goals encourage intergroup harmony
64
Q

Free-rider effect

A

Gaining the benefits of group membership by avoiding costly obligations of membership and by allowing other members to incur those costs

65
Q

commons dilemma

A

Social dilemma in which cooperation by all benefits all, but competition by all harms all

66
Q

Social identity theory

A

Theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorization, social comparison and the construction of a shared self-definition in terms of ingroup-defining properties

67
Q

Self-categorization theory

A

: theory of how the process of categorizing oneself as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviours

68
Q

Reductionism

A

: Explanation of a phenomenon in terms of the language and concepts of a lower level of analysis, usually with a loss of explanatory power

69
Q

Meta-contrast principle

A

the prototype of a group is that position within the group that has the largest ratio of ‘differences to ingroup positions’ to ‘differences to outgroup positions’

70
Q

Entitativity

A

The property of a group that makes it seem like a coherent, distinct and unitary entity

71
Q

Depersonalisation

A

The perception and treatment of self and others not as unique individual persons but as prototypical embodiments of a social group

72
Q

Salience

A

interactive function of chronic accessibility and situational accessibility on the one hand, and structural fit and normative fit on the other

73
Q

Self-enhancement and positive distinctiveness

A
  • > intergroup differentiation elavates self-esteem
  • > collective self-esteem related to group processes
  • > people in low status groups protect themselves from low self-esteem that comes with their membership of the group
  • > uncertainty reduction through group identification
74
Q

Social mobility belief system

A

: Belief that intergroup boundaries are permeable. Thus, it is possible for someone to pass from a lower-status into a higher-status group to improve social identity

75
Q

Social change belief system

A

Belief that intergroup boundaries are impermeable. Therefore, a lower-status individual can improve social identity only by challenging the legitimacy of the higher-status group’s position

76
Q

Cognitive alternatives

A

Belief that the status quo is unstable and illegitimate, and that social competition with the dominant group is the appropriate strategy to improve social identity

77
Q

Social creativity

A

Group-based behavioural strategies that improve social identity but do not directly attack the dominant group’s position

78
Q

Social competition

A

Group-based behavioural strategies that improve social identity by directly confronting the dominant group’s position in society

79
Q

System justification theory

A

Theory that attributes social stasis to people’s adherence to an ideology that justifies and protects the status quo

80
Q

Intergroup emotions theory

A

Theory that, in group contexts, appraisals of personal harm or benefit in a situation operate at the level of social identity and thus produce mainly positive ingroup and negative outgroup emotions

  • > outgroup emotions may lead to predjudiced behaviour
  • > ingroup emotions may lead to solidarity
81
Q

Behavioural change in crowds (early theory)

A
  • > members are anonymous lose responsibility for their actions
  • > ideas and sentiments spread rapidly and unpredictably through a process of contagion
  • > unconscious antisocial motives are released through suggestion
82
Q

Deindividuation

A

Process whereby people lose their sense of socialised individual identity and engage in unsocialised, often antisocial, behaviours

83
Q

Emergent norm theory

A

Collective behaviour is regulated by norms based on distinctive behaviour that arises in the initially normless crowd

84
Q

Weapons effect

A

The mere presence of a weapon increases the probability that it will be used aggressively

85
Q

Improving intergroup relations

A
  • > reducing predjudice and intergroup conflict
  • > Propaganda
  • > Education of children
  • > contact
  • > superordinate goals
  • > Multiculturalism/Cultural pluralism
86
Q

four sources of anxiety in anticipation of intergroup contact

A
  • > realistic threat (threat to groups existence)
  • > symbolic threat (posed by values, beliefs, morals and norms)
  • > intergroup anxiety (threat to self in intergroup interactions)
  • > negative stereotypes
87
Q

How intergroup contact might work

A

Bookkeeping, conversion, subtyping

88
Q

Extended contact

A

Knowing about an ingroup member who shares a close relationship with an outgroup member can improve one’s own attitudes towards the outgroup

89
Q

Superordinate goals in intergroup contact

A

improve intergroup relations (resistance to a shared threat) only if goal is achieved

90
Q

Multiculturalism/cultural pluralism improving intergroup relations

A

celebrating diversity as a defining feature of their social identity can balance the superordinate identity and positive subgroup distinctiveness and may provide social harmony

91
Q

Communication and negotiation

A

Bargaining, Mediation, Arbitration, Conciliation

92
Q

Bargaining

A

Bargaining Process of intergroup conflict resolution where representatives reach agreement through direct negotiation

93
Q

Mediation

A

Process of intergroup conflict resolution where a neutral third party intervenes in the negotiation process to facilitate a settlement

94
Q

Arbitration

A

Arbitration Process of intergroup conflict resolution in which a neutral third party is invited to impose a mutually binding settlement

95
Q

Conciliation

A

Process whereby groups make cooperative gestures to one another in the hope of avoiding an escalation of conflict

Social Beahviour (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions