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Social Beahviour > Aggression > Flashcards

Aggression Flashcards

1
Q

Aggression Definition

A

The intent to harm

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2
Q

Measuring aggression

A

scientists using definitions corresponding to their values causing differences in studied behaviour

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3
Q

Operational definition

A

Defines theoretical term in a way that allows it to be manipulated or measured

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4
Q

Four different operationalisations of aggression

A
  • > Analogues of behaviour
  • > signal of intention
  • > Ratings by self or others
  • > Indirect aggression
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5
Q

Analogue

A

Device or measure intended to faithfully mimic real object

  • > ethical research
  • > External validity (can one generalise?)
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6
Q

External validity

A

Similarity between circumstances surrounding an experiment and circumstances encountered in everyday life

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7
Q

Nature-nurture controversy

A

Do genetic or environmental factors determine human behaviour?

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8
Q

Biological explanation of aggression

A

innate action tendency

-> instinct

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9
Q

Instinct is…

A
  • > goal-directed
  • > beneficial
  • > adapted
  • > shared
  • > developed
  • > unlearned
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10
Q

Psychodynamic theory (aggression)

A
  • > aggression stems from innate drive to self-destruct

- > redirected towards other people

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11
Q

Ethology definition

A

Animal behaviour should be conducted in natural physical and social environment. Behaviour genetically determined and controlled by natural selction

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12
Q

Releasers

A

Stimuli in natural environment which cause aggressive behaviour

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13
Q

Ethology

A
  • > aggression has survival value
  • > unlikely to cause death in intraspecies aggression
  • > fighting instinct
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14
Q

Evolutionary social psychology

A

Views complex social behaviour as adaptive, helping the individual and the species to survive

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15
Q

Evolutionary social psychology (aggression)

A
  • > aggression innate and biological basis for social behaviour
  • > behaviour evolved survival of genes to pass on
  • > aggression adaptive
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16
Q

Limitations of biological argument (aggression)

A
  • > unknown and unmeasurable energy
  • > limited and biased empirical observation
  • > circular logic proposing causal connections without evidence
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17
Q

Biosocial theories definition

A

, theories that emphasise an innate component, though not the existence of a full-blown instinct

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18
Q

Frustration aggression theory

A

: Theory that all frustration leads to aggression, and all aggression comes from frustration

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19
Q

Excitation-transfer model

A

expression of aggression is a function of learnt behaviour, some excitation from another source, and the person’s interpretation of the arousal state
-> heightened arousal may lead to more aggressiveness

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20
Q

Hate crime

A

class of violence against members of a stereotyped minority group

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21
Q

Social learning theory definition

A

human social behaviour is not innate but learnt from appropriate models

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22
Q

Social learning theory (aggression)

A
  • > acquisition of behaviour
  • > instigation of overt act
  • > maintenance of behaviour
  • > learning by direct/vicarious behaviour
  • > modelling effect
  • > rules of conduct internalise aggression
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23
Q

Modelling effect

A

Tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional responses exhibited by a real-life or symbolic model

24
Q

Personality differences in aggression

A
  • > more aggression when attriuted with hostile intentions
  • > low self-esteem
  • > poor frustration tolerance
  • > insecure attachment style
25
Q

Type A personality

A

behavioural correlate of heart disease characterised by striving to achieve, time urgency, competitiveness and hostility

  • > avoiding exposure to incompetence while working alone
  • > socially destructive
26
Q

Hormones in aggression

A

-> heterosexual males correlate with higher level of aggression (testosterone)

27
Q

Gender and socialisation in aggression

A
  • > sociocultural theory
  • > sexual selection theory
  • > men more aggressive across cultures and socioeconomic groups
  • > gender and nationality interact in relational aggression
28
Q

Catharsis aggression

A

idea that aggressive motivation is ‘drained’ by acting against a frustrating object (or substitute), or by a vicarious experience

29
Q

Cathartic hypothesis

A

The notion that acting aggressively, or even just viewing aggressive material, reduces feelings of anger and aggression

30
Q

Alcohol in aggression

A
  • > disinhibition hypothesis
  • > drink more = more aggressive
  • > social pressure
  • > sexual aggression more likely
  • > impairs higher-order cognitive operations
  • > alcohol myopia
  • > placebo and priming effect
31
Q

disinhibition hypothesis

A

alcohol compromises cortical control and increases activity in more primitive brain areas

32
Q

alcohol myopia

A

narrowing our attention to provocative cues when drinking alcohol

33
Q

Disinhibition definition

A

A breakdown in the learnt controls (social mores) against behaving impulsively or, in this context, aggressively

34
Q

Situational variables in aggressive behaviour

A
  • > heat
  • > crowding
  • > sports events
35
Q

Heat in aggression

A

when ambient temperature rises aggressive behaviour increases

36
Q

Crowding in aggression

A

-> feeling crowded leads to aggression and hostile and malevolent behaviour

37
Q

General aggression model

A

Anderson’s model that includes both personal and situational factors, and cognitive and affective processes in accounting for different kinds of aggression

38
Q

Big Five

A

The five major personality dimensions of extraversion/ surgency, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and intellect/openness to experience

39
Q

Societal influences in aggression

A
  • > disadvantaged groups
  • > Criminality and demographics
  • > subculture of violence
40
Q

Disadvantaged groups in aggression

A
  • > cause or victim
  • > isolation from posocial moral norms as child
  • > relative deprivation
41
Q

Criminality and demographics in aggression

A
  • > emancipation of women may be criminogenic
  • > culture and norms shape aggressiveness
  • > culture of honour
42
Q

Culture of honour

A
  • > female infidelity damages man´s reputation

- > reputation restored through exacting retribution

43
Q

Subculture of violence

A

A subgroup of society in which a higher level of violence is accepted as the norm

  • > rewards for violence
  • > machismo
44
Q

Machismo

A

A code in which challenges, abuse and even differences of opinion must be met with fists or other weapons

45
Q

Mass media in aggression

A
  • > desensitisation
  • > model effect (social learning theory)
  • > neo-associationist analysis
  • > priming
  • > weapons-effect
  • > erotica connected to sexual deviancy,sexual assault and attitudes to intimate relationships and rape myths
46
Q

Rape myths

A
  • > high on RMA:rape consistent cues and right wing

- > bias towards blaming the victim (cognitive schema)

47
Q

Erotica in aggression

A
  • > exposure to violence cause men to desensitise to violence against women
  • > pornography contributing to negative attitudes towards all women
  • > objectifying women
48
Q

Objectification theory

A

Women’s life experiences and gender socialisation routinely include experiences of sexual objectification

  • > internalised by women causing mental harm
  • > men more intentions to be sexually biolent when internalised
49
Q

Domestic and intimate partner violence

A
  • > women more likely to use physical aggression
  • -> evolutionary (more fear)
  • -> biological (hormones)
  • -> cultural norms (western culture)
  • -> Intimate partner violence (oxytocin when intimate partner presence increases possibility of female aggression
  • > violent females do less harm than violent males
50
Q

Gender asymmetrie in aggression

A
  • > intimate partner violence equal
  • > belief in a just world
  • > gender and ethnic asymmetries underlie partner abuse
51
Q

Hurting the one we “love”

A
  • > abuse syndrome (learnt patterns of aggression)
  • > proximity
  • > stresses
  • > division of power
  • > alcohol consumption
52
Q

Institutionalised aggression definition

A

Aggression that is given formal or informal recognition and social legitimacy by being incorporated into rules and norms

53
Q

Institutionalised aggression

A
  • > society
  • > war
  • > state
  • > individuals
54
Q

Role of society in aggression

A
  • > preserving social order or changing struggle against oppression
  • > institutionalised can be legitamised and socially desirable
55
Q

War in aggression

A

higher rates of homicides and assault

56
Q

role of state in aggression

A
  • > warfare not possible without supporting psychological structure
  • > legitimised predjudice
  • > ideologies
  • > widespread violence for control and domination
  • > normative (aggression is reasonable)
57
Q

Reducing aggression

A
  • > individual level (political decisions)
  • > punitive tactics (corporal punishment)
  • > educational opportunities
  • > laws
  • > peace studies

Social Beahviour (3 decks)

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