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Advanced Nutrition > Preconception Nutrition > Flashcards

Preconception Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major causes of infertility?

A
  1. Resorption into the uterine wall within first 6 weeks

2. Miscarriage in first 20 weeks

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2
Q

What conditions can increase the risk of miscarriage in the first 20 weeks?

A
  1. Severe foetal defects (m.c)
  2. Maternal infection
  3. Uterine abnormalities
  4. Endocrine or Immunological disturbances
  5. Other random pathologies
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3
Q

What improvements can be made in order to reduce fertility problems?

A
  1. Diet
  2. Weight status
  3. Lifestyle changes
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4
Q

What are the topics covered in Preconception Nutrition?

A
  • Causes of infertility
  • Age and other factors
  • Weight, body fat and fertility
  • Nutrition and fertility
  • Lifestyle factors and physical activity (RED-S)
  • Medical conditions that influence fertility
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5
Q

Describe ‘Fertility’

A

The actual production of children

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6
Q

Describe ‘Fecundity’

A

The biological capacity to bear children

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7
Q

Describe ‘Fertility rate’

A

The actual production of children amongst a population group

or

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8
Q

Describe ‘Infertility’

A

the lack of conception after one year of unprotected intercourse

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9
Q

Describe ‘Sub-fertility’

A

delayed time to conception (over 12 months)
or
repeated pregnancy losses

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10
Q

What is the estimated rate of infertility worldwide?

A

approx. 9%

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11
Q

What nutritional factors can affect fertility?

A
  • Dietary patterns
  • Nutrient intake from foods and supplements
  • Calorie intake
  • Body fat levels
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12
Q

How can nutritional factors affect fertility?

A
  • Altering the environment in which eggs and sperm develop

- Modifying levels of hormones involved in reproduction

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13
Q

What nutritional factors before conception influence the mother’s health during the pregnancy?

A
  • Nutrient intake

- Body fat

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14
Q

Does fertility return to normal after the correction of nutritional factors?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What is the effect of undernutrition on fertility?

A

Decreased rate of fertility
Some examples include
-17th and 18th-century food shortages in Europe
-WWII famine in Holland > 53% decrease in the birth rate

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16
Q

At what age does fertility begin to decline in Men and Women, and why?

A

Men (35 years old)

  • Reduced testosterone levels
  • Reduced sperm production
  • DNA damage

Women (30 years old)

  • Reduction in the number of egg cells (oocytes)
  • Increased risk of chromosomal abnormalities
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17
Q

At what body fat levels does fertility decrease?

A
  • Very high levels of body fat

- Extremely low levels of body fat

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18
Q

What hormones do ‘Fat cells’ produce

A
  • estrogen
  • testosterone
  • leptin
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19
Q

What hormonal and physiological changes occur amongst obese women?

A

BMI >/= 30kg/m2

  • Higher levels of oestrogen, androgens, and leptin
  • Favours the development of irregular menstrual cycle, ovulation failure and amenorrhea
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20
Q

What hormonal and physiological changes occur amongst obese men?

A

BMI > 30kg/m2

  • Lower levels of testosterone, increased levels of oestrogen and leptin
  • Reduces the level of sperm production, increases rates of erectile dysfunction
21
Q

What physiological improvements occur once returning to a normal weight?

A

Improvements in

  • hormone levels
  • oxidative stress
  • chronic inflammation.
22
Q

What is the critical level of body fat needed to trigger and sustain normal reproductive functions?

A

BMI >20kg/m2

23
Q

What could happen to female adolescence with low body fat?

A
  • delayed onset of menstruation

- reduced fertility later in life

24
Q

What could happen to males with low body fat?

A
  • lowered libido

- reduced sperm production

25
Q

What will happen to NORMAL weight females who lose 10-15% of body weight?

A
  • decrease oestrogen
  • LH (Luteinising Hormone)
  • FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
    which can cause amenorrhea, anovulatory cycles and short or absent luteal phases
  • Decreased bone density and stress fractures in athletes
26
Q

True or False

Weight gain back to normal weight will see a reverse of hormonal issues in both males and females, and restore fertility

A

True

27
Q

List 4 micronutrients that have a more significant impact on conception

A
  • Antioxidants
  • Males and zinc status
  • Females and iron status
  • Females and folate status
28
Q

Caffeine has been shown to increase the time to conception and the risk of a miscarriage.
What amount has been shown to increase risk, and what drinks make up this amount?

A

100mg

  • 1 strong instant coffee
  • 1 weak espresso coffee
  • 2 cans of cola soft drink
29
Q

What effects does alcohol have on the female and male reproductive system?

A
  • Affect sperm count in men

- Affect blastocyte in women

30
Q

What are six lifestyle and other factors that negatively impact fertility?

A
  • Stress
  • Smoking
  • Drug use
  • Heavy metals
  • Contraceptive pill
  • Physical activity
31
Q

What effects can physical activity have on these people-

  • Overweight/Obese men&women
  • Healthy weight individuals?
A
  • In overweight/obese men and women, physical activity that results in weight loss has positive effects on fertility - In healthy weight individuals, moderate activity has positive effects on fertility
  • In healthy weight males and females, excessive exercise that induces negative energy balance can negatively impact fertility
32
Q

What 3 consequences comprise the female athlete triad?

A
  • RED-S
  • Menstrual function
  • Bone health
33
Q

What does (LEA) stand for?

A

Low energy Availability

34
Q

Name 4 causes that lead to LEA

A
  • Changes to training/competition load (including short turnarounds
  • Lack of skills, time, and/or money for meal planning and preparation
  • Not understanding individual energy needs for sport
  • disordered eating
35
Q

What are signs to look out for people with LEA?

A
  • Weight loss
  • Disordered Eating or an Eating Disorder
  • Lack of normal growth and development
  • Menstrual dysfunction
  • Recurrent injuries and illnesses
  • Decreased performance
  • Mood or social, behavioural changes
36
Q

Name the core focus when treating LEA

A

improving energy balance through

  • dietary changes
  • the restoration of ovulation
  • bone mass accretion
37
Q

Name 3 ways to help treat LEA

A
  • Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and other supplements to facilitate bone development
  • Increasing current EI ∼300–600 kcal/day (1,200-2,500 kJ/day)
  • Addressing suboptimal practices related to energy spread over the day and around exercise sessions, dietary composition, and food-related stress
  • Restoration of energy balance can reverse disruptions in reproductive hormones and bone formation
38
Q

Name 3 existing medical conditions that can affect fertility

A
  • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
  • Coeliac Disease
  • Diabetes
39
Q

Define Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

A
  1. When a woman’s ovaries produce higher than normal levels of androgen hormones
  2. Interfering with the development and release of eggs
  3. resulting in the growth of cysts within the ovaries
40
Q

What are the symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?

A
  • Abdominal obesity
  • acne
  • male-pattern baldness
  • increased hair growth on the face, chest and back
  • thick dark patches of skin, skin tags
  • pelvic pain
  • irregular menstrual cycle and infertility.
    Associated with insulin resistance.
41
Q

How can Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) be managed?

A
  • dietary changes, focusing on abdominal obesity and insulin resistance
  • changing dietary patterns,
  • physical activity routines
42
Q

Define ‘Coeliac DIsease’

A
  1. An autoimmune disorder of the small intestine occurs in genetically predisposed people.
  2. The digestive system reacts to gluten found in foods.
  3. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, barley and oats, causing damage to the bowel of affected individuals
43
Q

What are the major and associated symptoms of Coeliac Disease?

A

Major -
Gastrointestinal problems such as
- abdominal bloating, pain and diarrhoea
- impaired absorption of nutrients

Associated –

  • amenorrhea and subfertility in men and women
  • high risk of miscarriage for those able to conceive
44
Q

How can Coeliac Disease be managed?

A

Dietary management through gluten-free eating

45
Q

Define ‘Diabetes’

A
  1. (disease) body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin is impaired
  2. results in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of glucose in the blood
46
Q

What are the symptoms of Diabetes?

A
  • hyperglycaemia (high) or hypoglycaemia (low) blood sugar levels
  • Poorly controlled blood glucose levels during the periconceptional period increase the risk of pregnancy complications.
    High BGLs during the first two months =
    + incidence of foetal malformations,
    congenital abnormalities of the pelvis, heart and CNS.
    + increased risk of miscarriage.
47
Q

Management

A

weight loss if necessary
regular exercise
healthy dietary pattern -
(reduced intake of sugary foods and beverages, high fibre intake, use of low GI carbohydrate foods, regular fruit and vegetable consumption)

48
Q

What are some factors that may disrupt foetal growth and development?

A

Nutrient status
Alcohol
Health conditions

49
Q

Is Iodine important to supplement during pregnancy?

A

Yes

Iodine should be supplemented preconception and throughout pregnancy and breastfeeding

Advanced Nutrition (8 decks)

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