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Advanced Nutrition > Energy Balance and Nutrient Needs > Flashcards

Energy Balance and Nutrient Needs Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

an interdisciplinary science focused on the study of how foods, nutrients, and other food constituents affect health

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2
Q

What is a kilojoule (KJ)/ Calorie

A

Is a measure of the amount of energy transferred from food to the body

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3
Q

What is a Nutrient?

A

chemical substances in food that the body uses for a variety of functions that support growth, tissue maintenance and repair, and ongoing health.

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4
Q

List the factors that influence energy intake

A 
Appetite 
Environment
Metabolizable energy 
Palatability/Reward
Psychology
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5
Q

List the factors that influence energy output

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (calories used at rest)
Exercise Activity
Non-Exercise Activity
Thermic effect of food

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6
Q

Where does energy come from?

A

from the food when the chemical bonds are broken down

Macronutrients, plus alcohol and fibre

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7
Q

What is each Nutrient’s kilojoule reading?

A 
Carbohydrate -17
Fat -37
Protein -17
Alcohol -29
Fibre -8
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8
Q

Define the ‘Bomb calorimeter’

A

a tool used to determine how much energy is in food
The food is burned, energy is released in the form of heat
The amount of heat given off provides a direct measure of the food’s energy value. (kJ are units of heat energy)

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9
Q

What are some of the signals that are influence appetite or delay eating?

A

environment and genetics

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10
Q

Define hunger

A

the physiological response to a need for food triggered by chemical messengers originating and acting in the brain, primarily in the hypothalamus.

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11
Q

What influences hunger?

A
  • Presence or absence of nutrients in the bloodstream
  • Size and composition of the previous meal
  • Customary eating patterns
  • Climate
  • Exercise
  • Hormones
  • Physical and mental illness
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12
Q

Define Satiation

A
  • during a meal, stomach stretches, hormones are released (cholecystokinin), person feels full, hunger diminishes, person stops eating
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13
Q

Define Satiety

A
  • after a meal, feeling of satiety continues to suppress hunger and reminds us to not eat again for a while
  • can be influenced by composition of the meal (fat, protein, fibre)
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14
Q

How can Satiation and Satiety be overridden?

A
  • Favourable Foods

- Stressful Situations

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15
Q

What are the five steps of Hunger, satiation and satiety

A
  1. Physiological influences/ Hunger
  2. Sensory influences /Seek food and start meal
  3. Cognitive influences/ Keep eating
  4. Post-ingestive influences/Satiation: End meal
  5. Post-absorptive influences/Satiety
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16
Q

What are the metabolic activities that support all the basic processes of life?

A 
Heart beating
Lungs inhaling and exhaling
Making blood cells and proteins
Maintaining body temperature
Kidney filtration system
17
Q

Define BMR - Basal metabolic rate

A

basal metabolic rate – rate at which body expends energy for all of these activities (at complete rest, and fasting)

18
Q

Define RMR - Resting metabolic rate

A

resting metabolic rate – slightly higher than BMR due to less strict measurement criteria

19
Q

Define EER - estimating energy requirements

A

when energy needs cannot be measured with specialised equipment (expired oxygen and carbon dioxide gases, under controlled conditions), equations provide reasonably accurate estimates

20
Q

List the four components of Energy Expenditure (EE)

A
  • Basal Metabolic Rate
  • Adaptive Thermogenesis
  • Thermic effect of food
  • Physical Activity
21
Q

What is the proportion of

  • Basal Metabolic Rate
  • Adaptive Thermogenesis
  • Thermic effect of food
  • Physical Activity within EE
A

Basal Metabolic Rate - 60-80% (Mainly related to lean body mass)
Adaptive thermogenesis -
Thermic effect of food - Approx. 10%
Physical Activity - 20-40%
(Depends on frequency, intensity and duration, and body mass to move)

22
Q

What is the thermic effect of different foods?

A

Carbohydrates: 5-10%
Fat: 0-5%
Protein: 20-30%
Alcohol: 15-20%

23
Q

What are some circumstances that force the body to require extra energy?

A 
Physical conditioning
Extreme cold
Overfeeding 
Starvation
Trauma (e.g. burns)
24
Q

How do you calculate the kilojoules expended during exercise

A

(KJ of sport/exercise) x (Bodyweight of individual) x (minutes completed)

25
Q

What are the factors that affect BMR?

A
  • Age
  • Height
  • Growth
  • Body Composition (Gender)
  • Fever
  • Stresses
  • Environmental temperature
  • Fasting/starvation
  • Malnutrition
  • Hormones (gender)
  • Smoking

Advanced Nutrition (8 decks)

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