precision feeding, poultry, aquaculture Flashcards
results of feeding all like one
many individuals get more than required
portion of the herd gets less than required
economic and environmental waste
future trends, population, dairy consumption and meat production
~9.5B ppl in 2050
increase 58% dairy products
increase 73% meat products
commonly excreted nutrients
N, P
precision feeding
decrease feed cost, increase efficiency
increase sustainability, decrease nutrient excretion
improve food safety and tracability
when was egg quota implemented
1972
ont Ave egg quota and avg size holder
layer $295-300
~25000 units
quota exemptions for small flocks, <300 birds
how many egg producers in canada and ont
1,062 egg farmers, most in ont.
avg can farm size ~22,500 hens, avg ont farm ~25000
main markets for eggs
table eggs, processed eggs
table eg market
73%, Grade A, value added: nutritional or management
Processed Egg market
27% of market, liquid, frozen freeze dried, etc. bakeries, mayo, etc/
petfood, ready to eat etc
Grade A egg weight classifications
peewee <42g small 42-49g medium 49-56g large 56-63g XL 63-70g Jumbo >70g most of ont eggs are large (40%)
pullets
immature hens, day 1 chicks transported to pullet barn, raised indoors on litter.
target weight 1.2-1.3kg
start laying at 18-21 weeks
laying hen
will lay 310-330 eggs in a year
long day breeders, light cycle important
16H light/day
egg production drops at 52-60 weeks
moult
chickens shed and regrow feathers- end of repro cycle. producers may induce to get eggs up to 110 weeks
single comb white leghorn
most common breed in US strictly egg producers (300 eggs/yr) most commercial producers of white eggs originated in italy, only Mediterranean breed of importance avg 3-4 lbs weight
single comb Rhode Island red
tough, resilient birds
females friendly and docile
250-300 large brown eggs/yr
roosters 8.5 lbs, hens 6.5 lbs
barred Plymouth rock
19th century US breed
small brown eggs, can be from 9.5 to 7.5 lbs
meat chicken industry trends
$2.8B in farm gate sales, meat consumption increasing
2,837 producers in 2020
broiler quota
by weight (kg), right to ship 13kg/yr
need to hold at least 14000 units
~6 periods/yr
300 bird exemption
incubation length for chicken, most ducks, turkey goose
chicken - 21 d
ducks - 28d
turkey - 28d
goose - 29-31
4 key aspects for hatching eggs
temp - 37.5 degrees
turning - 45 degree angle, turned 90 degrees a day
humidity - 65%
ventilation - remove CO2 and heat
bird leg health
3% lameness in birds. welfare issue
large and broad breaded muscle impacts hip structure and locomotion
mortality rate decreasing w increasing live weight
market weight for roaster
3kg, 45 days
market weight for capon
2kg, 38-40 days
market weight for broiler/fryer
1.5kg 32-35 days
market weight for Cornish game hen
1-1.1kg 25 days
definition of aquaculture
farming of aquatic organisms
historical symbiosis in aquaculture
china 1100 BC - carp in rice fields
historical holding in aquaculture
tilapia and oysters in lagoons - romans 500 BC
historical pollution aquaculture
europe 1800s, rainbow trout breeding
why is aquaculture important?
health, food, economy, jobs, family
carnivorous fish
salmon, trout, catfish, yellowtails, eels, groupers, sea breams
non-carnivorous fish
cyprinids (carp), tilapias, milkfish
mollusk aquaculture
mussels, oysters, clams, scallops, winkles, albone
crustacea aquaculture
shrimp, F-W crayfish, F-W prawns, marine crabs, lobsters
aquaculture plants
kelp, Irish moss, laver, eucheuma, Gracilaria, wakame
world aquaculture production
58% china, 31% asia, Canada 1%, 26 overall
over half from BC, Atlantic canada
64% salmon
site considerations for a fishery
- water
- watershed influences
- land (cost, terrain)
- site servicies
- security
- distance to market
- Permits
- fish species
- climate
importance of water at a site
source, quality, quantity.
spring best type, then well>stream>river>lake>pond/reservoir
pond types
danish (aquifer)
missisipi (levee)
Chinese (costal)
advantages of ponds
cheap
easy to make
utilizes natural water flow
nutrients from invertebrates
disadvantages of ponds
low oxygen off flavours buildup of waste difficult to treat disease vulnerable to preadators
advantages of raceways
cheap
easy to add equipment
moderate oxygen
easy to disinfect/harvest
disadvantages of raceways
uses a lot of water fish crowd inflow slow current buildup of waste vulnerable to predators
recirculating aquaculture system
- minimize water use
increase biosecurity
allows control and stability of environment
marketing opportunities
RAS biological filtration
nitrogenous waste from fish metabolism (NH3), uneaten food
nitrification - oxidizes ammonia + nitrite to nitrate
aquaponics
aquaculture and hydroponics
- clean water to fish, dirty water goes through biofilter, dirty water is flowed thru plants and cleaned as plants take in nutrients. clean water goes back to fish
fish production cycle (fall spawners)
eggs fert. at hatchery (sept-dec)
Eggs>fry>fingerling (50-100g)
fingerlings stocked at “ice out” (early may)
market sized fish (1kg) by early fall (sept/oct)
overwintered for larger fish/spring spawners
what is grown in diff regions of canad
east and west canada -offshore salmon
Ontario - manitoulin island - on shore trout
advantages of RAS
grow “warm water” fish
increased fish growth year round
enhanced water use and biosecurity
proximity to markets
disadvantages of RAS
high initial investment
high operating costs
complexity and learning curve
filtration failures (waste buildup)
advantages of net pens
less capital investment
easier expansion
easier relocation
low land use
disadvantages of net pen
more food waste
reduced growing season
escaped fish and predators
biosecurity issues
