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AGR 2350 > precision feeding, poultry, aquaculture > Flashcards

precision feeding, poultry, aquaculture Flashcards

1
Q

results of feeding all like one

A

many individuals get more than required
portion of the herd gets less than required
economic and environmental waste

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2
Q

future trends, population, dairy consumption and meat production

A

~9.5B ppl in 2050
increase 58% dairy products
increase 73% meat products

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3
Q

commonly excreted nutrients

A

N, P

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4
Q

precision feeding

A

decrease feed cost, increase efficiency
increase sustainability, decrease nutrient excretion
improve food safety and tracability

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5
Q

when was egg quota implemented

A

1972

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6
Q

ont Ave egg quota and avg size holder

A

layer $295-300
~25000 units
quota exemptions for small flocks, <300 birds

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7
Q

how many egg producers in canada and ont

A

1,062 egg farmers, most in ont.

avg can farm size ~22,500 hens, avg ont farm ~25000

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8
Q

main markets for eggs

A

table eggs, processed eggs

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9
Q

table eg market

A

73%, Grade A, value added: nutritional or management

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10
Q

Processed Egg market

A

27% of market, liquid, frozen freeze dried, etc. bakeries, mayo, etc/

petfood, ready to eat etc

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11
Q

Grade A egg weight classifications

A 
peewee <42g
small 42-49g
medium 49-56g
large 56-63g
XL 63-70g
Jumbo >70g
most of ont eggs are large (40%)
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12
Q

pullets

A

immature hens, day 1 chicks transported to pullet barn, raised indoors on litter.
target weight 1.2-1.3kg
start laying at 18-21 weeks

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13
Q

laying hen

A

will lay 310-330 eggs in a year
long day breeders, light cycle important
16H light/day
egg production drops at 52-60 weeks

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14
Q

moult

A

chickens shed and regrow feathers- end of repro cycle. producers may induce to get eggs up to 110 weeks

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15
Q

single comb white leghorn

A 
most common breed in US
strictly egg producers (300 eggs/yr)
most commercial producers of white eggs
originated in italy, only Mediterranean breed of importance
avg 3-4 lbs weight
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16
Q

single comb Rhode Island red

A

tough, resilient birds
females friendly and docile
250-300 large brown eggs/yr
roosters 8.5 lbs, hens 6.5 lbs

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17
Q

barred Plymouth rock

A

19th century US breed

small brown eggs, can be from 9.5 to 7.5 lbs

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18
Q

meat chicken industry trends

A

$2.8B in farm gate sales, meat consumption increasing

2,837 producers in 2020

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19
Q

broiler quota

A

by weight (kg), right to ship 13kg/yr
need to hold at least 14000 units
~6 periods/yr
300 bird exemption

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20
Q

incubation length for chicken, most ducks, turkey goose

A

chicken - 21 d
ducks - 28d
turkey - 28d
goose - 29-31

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21
Q

4 key aspects for hatching eggs

A

temp - 37.5 degrees
turning - 45 degree angle, turned 90 degrees a day
humidity - 65%
ventilation - remove CO2 and heat

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22
Q

bird leg health

A

3% lameness in birds. welfare issue
large and broad breaded muscle impacts hip structure and locomotion
mortality rate decreasing w increasing live weight

23
Q

market weight for roaster

A

3kg, 45 days

24
Q

market weight for capon

A

2kg, 38-40 days

25
Q

market weight for broiler/fryer

A

1.5kg 32-35 days

26
Q

market weight for Cornish game hen

A

1-1.1kg 25 days

27
Q

definition of aquaculture

A

farming of aquatic organisms

28
Q

historical symbiosis in aquaculture

A

china 1100 BC - carp in rice fields

29
Q

historical holding in aquaculture

A

tilapia and oysters in lagoons - romans 500 BC

30
Q

historical pollution aquaculture

A

europe 1800s, rainbow trout breeding

31
Q

why is aquaculture important?

A

health, food, economy, jobs, family

32
Q

carnivorous fish

A

salmon, trout, catfish, yellowtails, eels, groupers, sea breams

33
Q

non-carnivorous fish

A

cyprinids (carp), tilapias, milkfish

34
Q

mollusk aquaculture

A

mussels, oysters, clams, scallops, winkles, albone

35
Q

crustacea aquaculture

A

shrimp, F-W crayfish, F-W prawns, marine crabs, lobsters

36
Q

aquaculture plants

A

kelp, Irish moss, laver, eucheuma, Gracilaria, wakame

37
Q

world aquaculture production

A

58% china, 31% asia, Canada 1%, 26 overall
over half from BC, Atlantic canada
64% salmon

38
Q

site considerations for a fishery

A
  1. water
  2. watershed influences
  3. land (cost, terrain)
  4. site servicies
  5. security
  6. distance to market
  7. Permits
  8. fish species
  9. climate
39
Q

importance of water at a site

A

source, quality, quantity.

spring best type, then well>stream>river>lake>pond/reservoir

40
Q

pond types

A

danish (aquifer)
missisipi (levee)
Chinese (costal)

41
Q

advantages of ponds

A

cheap
easy to make
utilizes natural water flow
nutrients from invertebrates

42
Q

disadvantages of ponds

A 
low oxygen
off flavours
buildup of waste
difficult to treat disease
vulnerable to preadators
43
Q

advantages of raceways

A

cheap
easy to add equipment
moderate oxygen
easy to disinfect/harvest

44
Q

disadvantages of raceways

A 
uses a lot of water
fish crowd inflow
slow current
buildup of waste
vulnerable to predators
45
Q

recirculating aquaculture system

A
  1. minimize water use
    increase biosecurity
    allows control and stability of environment
    marketing opportunities
46
Q

RAS biological filtration

A

nitrogenous waste from fish metabolism (NH3), uneaten food

nitrification - oxidizes ammonia + nitrite to nitrate

47
Q

aquaponics

A

aquaculture and hydroponics
- clean water to fish, dirty water goes through biofilter, dirty water is flowed thru plants and cleaned as plants take in nutrients. clean water goes back to fish

48
Q

fish production cycle (fall spawners)

A

eggs fert. at hatchery (sept-dec)
Eggs>fry>fingerling (50-100g)
fingerlings stocked at “ice out” (early may)
market sized fish (1kg) by early fall (sept/oct)
overwintered for larger fish/spring spawners

49
Q

what is grown in diff regions of canad

A

east and west canada -offshore salmon

Ontario - manitoulin island - on shore trout

50
Q

advantages of RAS

A

grow “warm water” fish
increased fish growth year round
enhanced water use and biosecurity
proximity to markets

51
Q

disadvantages of RAS

A

high initial investment
high operating costs
complexity and learning curve
filtration failures (waste buildup)

52
Q

advantages of net pens

A

less capital investment
easier expansion
easier relocation
low land use

53
Q

disadvantages of net pen

A

more food waste
reduced growing season
escaped fish and predators
biosecurity issues

AGR 2350 (3 decks)

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