precision feeding, poultry, aquaculture

Question 1

results of feeding all like one

Answer 1

many individuals get more than required
portion of the herd gets less than required
economic and environmental waste

Question 2

future trends, population, dairy consumption and meat production

Answer 2

~9.5B ppl in 2050
increase 58% dairy products
increase 73% meat products

Question 3

commonly excreted nutrients

Answer 3

N, P

Question 4

precision feeding

Answer 4

decrease feed cost, increase efficiency
increase sustainability, decrease nutrient excretion
improve food safety and tracability

Question 5

when was egg quota implemented

Answer 5

1972

Question 6

ont Ave egg quota and avg size holder

Answer 6

layer $295-300
~25000 units
quota exemptions for small flocks, <300 birds

Question 7

how many egg producers in canada and ont

Answer 7

1,062 egg farmers, most in ont.

avg can farm size ~22,500 hens, avg ont farm ~25000

Question 8

main markets for eggs

Answer 8

table eggs, processed eggs

Question 9

table eg market

Answer 9

73%, Grade A, value added: nutritional or management

Question 10

Processed Egg market

Answer 10

27% of market, liquid, frozen freeze dried, etc. bakeries, mayo, etc/

petfood, ready to eat etc

Question 11

Grade A egg weight classifications

Answer 11

peewee <42g
small 42-49g
medium 49-56g
large 56-63g
XL 63-70g
Jumbo >70g
most of ont eggs are large (40%)

Question 12

pullets

Answer 12

immature hens, day 1 chicks transported to pullet barn, raised indoors on litter.
target weight 1.2-1.3kg
start laying at 18-21 weeks

Question 13

laying hen

Answer 13

will lay 310-330 eggs in a year
long day breeders, light cycle important
16H light/day
egg production drops at 52-60 weeks

Question 14

moult

Answer 14

chickens shed and regrow feathers- end of repro cycle. producers may induce to get eggs up to 110 weeks

Question 15

single comb white leghorn

Answer 15

most common breed in US
strictly egg producers (300 eggs/yr)
most commercial producers of white eggs
originated in italy, only Mediterranean breed of importance
avg 3-4 lbs weight

Question 16

single comb Rhode Island red

Answer 16

tough, resilient birds
females friendly and docile
250-300 large brown eggs/yr
roosters 8.5 lbs, hens 6.5 lbs

Question 17

barred Plymouth rock

Answer 17

19th century US breed

small brown eggs, can be from 9.5 to 7.5 lbs

Question 18

meat chicken industry trends

Answer 18

$2.8B in farm gate sales, meat consumption increasing

2,837 producers in 2020

Question 19

broiler quota

Answer 19

by weight (kg), right to ship 13kg/yr
need to hold at least 14000 units
~6 periods/yr
300 bird exemption

Question 20

incubation length for chicken, most ducks, turkey goose

Answer 20

chicken - 21 d
ducks - 28d
turkey - 28d
goose - 29-31

Question 21

4 key aspects for hatching eggs

Answer 21

temp - 37.5 degrees
turning - 45 degree angle, turned 90 degrees a day
humidity - 65%
ventilation - remove CO2 and heat

Question 22

bird leg health

Answer 22

3% lameness in birds. welfare issue
large and broad breaded muscle impacts hip structure and locomotion
mortality rate decreasing w increasing live weight

Question 23

market weight for roaster

Answer 23

3kg, 45 days

Question 24

market weight for capon

Answer 24

2kg, 38-40 days

Question 25

market weight for broiler/fryer

Answer 25

1.5kg 32-35 days

Question 26

market weight for Cornish game hen

Answer 26

1-1.1kg 25 days

Question 27

definition of aquaculture

Answer 27

farming of aquatic organisms

Question 28

historical symbiosis in aquaculture

Answer 28

china 1100 BC - carp in rice fields

Question 29

historical holding in aquaculture

Answer 29

tilapia and oysters in lagoons - romans 500 BC

Question 30

historical pollution aquaculture

Answer 30

europe 1800s, rainbow trout breeding

Question 31

why is aquaculture important?

Answer 31

health, food, economy, jobs, family

Question 32

carnivorous fish

Answer 32

salmon, trout, catfish, yellowtails, eels, groupers, sea breams

Question 33

non-carnivorous fish

Answer 33

cyprinids (carp), tilapias, milkfish

Question 34

mollusk aquaculture

Answer 34

mussels, oysters, clams, scallops, winkles, albone

Question 35

crustacea aquaculture

Answer 35

shrimp, F-W crayfish, F-W prawns, marine crabs, lobsters

Question 36

aquaculture plants

Answer 36

kelp, Irish moss, laver, eucheuma, Gracilaria, wakame

Question 37

world aquaculture production

Answer 37

58% china, 31% asia, Canada 1%, 26 overall over half from BC, Atlantic canada 64% salmon

Question 38

site considerations for a fishery

Answer 38

1. water 2. watershed influences 3. land (cost, terrain) 4. site servicies 5. security 6. distance to market 7. Permits 8. fish species 9. climate

Question 39

importance of water at a site

Answer 39

source, quality, quantity. | spring best type, then well>stream>river>lake>pond/reservoir

Question 40

pond types

Answer 40

danish (aquifer) missisipi (levee) Chinese (costal)

Question 41

advantages of ponds

Answer 41

cheap easy to make utilizes natural water flow nutrients from invertebrates

Question 42

disadvantages of ponds

Answer 42

``` low oxygen off flavours buildup of waste difficult to treat disease vulnerable to preadators ```

Question 43

advantages of raceways

Answer 43

cheap easy to add equipment moderate oxygen easy to disinfect/harvest

Question 44

disadvantages of raceways

Answer 44

``` uses a lot of water fish crowd inflow slow current buildup of waste vulnerable to predators ```

Question 45

recirculating aquaculture system

Answer 45

1. minimize water use increase biosecurity allows control and stability of environment marketing opportunities

Question 46

RAS biological filtration

Answer 46

nitrogenous waste from fish metabolism (NH3), uneaten food | nitrification - oxidizes ammonia + nitrite to nitrate

Question 47

aquaponics

Answer 47

aquaculture and hydroponics - clean water to fish, dirty water goes through biofilter, dirty water is flowed thru plants and cleaned as plants take in nutrients. clean water goes back to fish

Question 48

fish production cycle (fall spawners)

Answer 48

eggs fert. at hatchery (sept-dec) Eggs>fry>fingerling (50-100g) fingerlings stocked at "ice out" (early may) market sized fish (1kg) by early fall (sept/oct) overwintered for larger fish/spring spawners

Question 49

what is grown in diff regions of canad

Answer 49

east and west canada -offshore salmon | Ontario - manitoulin island - on shore trout

Question 50

advantages of RAS

Answer 50

grow "warm water" fish increased fish growth year round enhanced water use and biosecurity proximity to markets

Question 51

disadvantages of RAS

Answer 51

high initial investment high operating costs complexity and learning curve filtration failures (waste buildup)

Question 52

advantages of net pens

Answer 52

less capital investment easier expansion easier relocation low land use

Question 53

disadvantages of net pen

Answer 53

more food waste reduced growing season escaped fish and predators biosecurity issues