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AGR 2350 > goats, pet industry and swine > Flashcards

goats, pet industry and swine Flashcards

1
Q

what are opportunities for growth domestically and internationally

A

domestic:
- ethnic markets
- increase in cheese demand
international:
- Canada Royal Milk- goat milk baby formula.

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2
Q

popular products from goats

A

milk
meat
fibre
other - recreational, goat yoga, soaps

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3
Q

what taxonomic family are goats in

A

caprine

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4
Q

terminology- mature male goat

A

buck / billy

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5
Q

terminology - mature female goat

A

doe / nanny

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6
Q

terminology - young goat

A

kid, buckling/doeling

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7
Q

terminology- castrated male

A

wether

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8
Q

goat industry trends - farms and goats in canada

A

decreasing # of farms, increasing # of goats

  • most goats in ont, followed by Qc and Ab. few farms in western Canada, very few in the maritimes
  • most farms in ont, 50% of farms with 36% of goats. equal in Qc, Ab and BC.
  • goat farmers are often younger, 50 or less
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9
Q

goat milk marketing

A

trades on open market, no quota, needs to be licences and inspected under “milk act”.
only 2 main brokers in ont, gay lea and Ontario goat cooperative. sold to processors

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10
Q

challenges in goat production

A

price volatility- prices can range dramatically
cost of production - feed, labour, interest on debt
meat price variation
milk influx in spring/summer bc of kidding
tracability

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11
Q

milk cycle and production values

A

kidding may be seasonal (spring/summer), peak lactation at 8-9 weeks. 3-4L/day at peak. re-bred 7 months later.
dry period for 30-60 days

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12
Q

dairy goat industry

A

~230 producers in ont, increasing milk production (45M L. w around $45M in farm gate sales
ont has 75% of Canadas goat milk production

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13
Q

kid market weight/age

A

18-36kg, ~5-10 months old

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14
Q

goat meat industry

A

bucks from dairy and meat breeds. strong demand from ethnic market. most in On, then W Canada.

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15
Q

sannen

A

dairy goat breed, large and white.

persistent and high milk production, avg milk fat ~3.5%

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16
Q

toggenburg

A

oldest known dairy goat breed
moderate milk production, moderate milk fat ~3.3%, persistent production
usually a dirty brown colour
excellent structure, susceptible to heat stress

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17
Q

la mancha

A

dual purpose goat breed
ugly as hell, tiny ears
good milk production, high milk fat ~3.9%
calm temperment

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18
Q

nubian

A

dual purpose goat breed
long, floppy ears
more heat tolerant
lower milk production, high butterfat, (4-4.5%)
less photoperiod sensitive (out of season breeding)

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19
Q

boer

A 
meat breed of goat
South African 
fast growth rate
highly muscled, good carcass traits
less photoperiod sensitive
high disease resistance
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20
Q

goat housing

A

widely varied, needs to be goat proofed bc goats like to climb. bedded pack and raised feed alley
milked in parlours, parallel or rotary.

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21
Q

goat repro

A

seasonal breeders - short day. off-season breeding : light systems, estrus synchoronization.
18-21 day estrus cycle
gestation of 5 months
first kidding usually single, then commonly twin or triplet

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22
Q

when are doelings first bred, and does bred back

A

doelens at 6-8 months

does bred back 7 months post kidding

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23
Q

colostrum

A

v important, some producers use colostrum replacer.

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24
Q

goat challenges re: repro

A

preg toxemia (ketosis). increased risk w twins
kid mortality
- multiple births, lack of colostrum

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25
goat nutrition
browsers, highly selective prefer coarse whole grains often get a supplement in the parlour as well high feed refusals, cost effective diets (PMR)
26
goat challenges re nutrition
lactation : ketosis, milk fever preg. toxemia, over condition prior to kidding lots of unknowns re nutrient or mineral requirements. off label medication etc.
27
optimized pet nutrition
growth of industry improves health and wellbeing of pets and a market for farm byproducts
28
% of dogs fed kibble vs raw diet
95% kibble 5% raw
29
terminology- young female pig
gilt, until slaughter or first farrowing
30
terminology- reproducing female
sow
31
terminology- reproducing male
boar
32
nursery pig age and weight
1 kg at birth, weaning age 2-5 weeks
33
weaner pig age and weight
newly weaned ~3 weeks old, about 6kg
34
starter/nursery pig age and weight
weaning to approx. 25kg
35
grower pig weight
25-60kg
36
finisher pig age and weight
60+ kg to market at 105-110kg, about 6 months old
37
terminology- hog
growing/finishing pig
38
market weight for pigs
105-110 kg
39
Canadian pork market
free market, large price volatility, heavily export dependent. used to be marketed through provincial pork marketing board, rules changed in 2010
40
pork pricing structure
priced on value of 7 market cuts: butt (shoulder), rib, belly, loin, picnic (front leg), ham, carcass ham and loin are most expensive necklines, tail + cutting loss- 4% of the pig
41
pig distribution in canada
most in Manitoba, then on, qc, rest of the provinces account for 1/4 of the population 24% QC, 26% ON, 29% MB
42
pig farming trends
decrease in farms, increase in pigs. 13.8million pigs, 7,650 pig farms. decrease in exports due to COOL and H1N1
43
COOL
what everyone calls me. | also, 2008, Country of origin labeling. decrease in CDN value of pork
44
H1N1
"swine flu" big concern in 2009
45
pork production trends
china top producer by far, then EU, US.
46
pork export
mostly EU(35%), US(31%), followed by Canada (16) and Brazil(9).
47
value markets for CDN pork
~1.3 million tonnes exported | ~4b$ in trade
48
pig production cycle
bring in replacements, bring out cull sows. breeding, 114d gestation, farrowing, weaning ~21d, nursery ~42d, grow/finish ~84-100d, market time ~150-160 days to market, around 5-6 months old
49
yorksire
pig breed erect ears, maternal line w maternal traits originated in england large, all white
50
landrace
maternal breed - better growth traits | floppy ears
51
Duroc
terminal breed, reddish brown, fast, lean growth and carcass traits
52
hampshire
white band over shoulders, dark brown/black | fast growth, caracass traits
53
commonly used pig breed
landrace x yorkshire, offspring X terminal sire for market pig
54
sow repro - first estrus - litters/yr - gestation - lactation
first estrus around 120kg, target breeding at second estrus/150kg - ~2.3 litters/yr - 114-115 day gestation - 17-28 days lactation
55
litter stats for sows - litters/lifetime - piglets/litter - re-breeding?
5 litters/lifetime 9-12 live piglets/litter rebred 4-7 days post weaning
56
boar repro boar:sow ratio how much AI
1:20 | much higher w AI, ~85% of breeding w AI, teaser boars still used
57
repro goals for pig farmers
max # of alive piglets born minimize pre-weaning mortality increase longevity
58
piglet management at farrowing and indications of ear notching
``` tagging/ear notching, right ear- litter, left ear- individual. teeth clipping/filing tail docking, castration for boar taint watch for anemia, scours and starvation high quality starter feed ```
59
starter pigs
ease weaning process, offer a dry, inexpensive feed growth delay up to 2 weeks minimize disease by weaning early and moving to separate, clean location use space and feed efficiently
60
target weights at ages
4-9kg at weaning - 21 days old 25kg - 60-80 days old 115kg - 130-200 days
61
grower/finisher pigs
fast lean growth, results in fast weight gains, good feed efficiency, high carcass lean yield feed cost #1 factor. - reduce feed usage/ unit of body weight gain FCR ~3:1 optimize space/pig, climate controlled
62
pig quantity vs quality
current grading rewards quantity over quality, should rEWARD CONSISTENT HIGH QUALITY PORK
63
saleable lean yield equation
weight of carcass cuts/weight of whole animal
64
effect of pH on meat
stress causes pH issues, as well as genetics pH ~7 - dark firm dry meat, pH ~5.5 - pale soft extradited ppl dont want this type of meat, normal meat goes down to about pH -6
65
PEDv
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus - corona virus, attacks intestinal villi, speeds through direct contact - highly contagion close to 100% mortality in piglets, presents as illness post weaning but not as much mortality first ont outbreak in 2014, economic losses and impacts producer mental health
66
PRRS
porcine reproductive+respritaory syndrome in canada since mid 90s, contagious but herds can become less susceptible to severe illness 2 symptoms - repro failure/abortions, stillborns and mummified piglets - respiratory disease of pigs at any age high prevalence in ont, large economic losses
67
Herd management for disease
vaccines - limited success making PRRS free herd certifications prevention - early identification biosecurity
68
foreign animal disease in pigs
ASF, Foot + mouth disease, usually highly infectious, high mortality/morbidity federally reportable control usually involves euthanasia
69
African Swine Fever
highly contagious, fatal disease found in wild boars, not a food safety concern, imported meats can spread the virus. first case reported in 2007, outbreak in china in 2018 resulted in 1/3 of chinas pigs being killed
70
challenges facing CDN pork industry
``` African swine fever food safety recalls proper assessment of quality and value animal welfare competitiveness of world markets ```

AGR 2350 (3 decks)

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