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AGR 2350 > goats, pet industry and swine > Flashcards

goats, pet industry and swine Flashcards

1
Q

what are opportunities for growth domestically and internationally

A

domestic:
- ethnic markets
- increase in cheese demand
international:
- Canada Royal Milk- goat milk baby formula.

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2
Q

popular products from goats

A

milk
meat
fibre
other - recreational, goat yoga, soaps

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3
Q

what taxonomic family are goats in

A

caprine

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4
Q

terminology- mature male goat

A

buck / billy

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5
Q

terminology - mature female goat

A

doe / nanny

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6
Q

terminology - young goat

A

kid, buckling/doeling

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7
Q

terminology- castrated male

A

wether

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8
Q

goat industry trends - farms and goats in canada

A

decreasing # of farms, increasing # of goats

  • most goats in ont, followed by Qc and Ab. few farms in western Canada, very few in the maritimes
  • most farms in ont, 50% of farms with 36% of goats. equal in Qc, Ab and BC.
  • goat farmers are often younger, 50 or less
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9
Q

goat milk marketing

A

trades on open market, no quota, needs to be licences and inspected under “milk act”.
only 2 main brokers in ont, gay lea and Ontario goat cooperative. sold to processors

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10
Q

challenges in goat production

A

price volatility- prices can range dramatically
cost of production - feed, labour, interest on debt
meat price variation
milk influx in spring/summer bc of kidding
tracability

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11
Q

milk cycle and production values

A

kidding may be seasonal (spring/summer), peak lactation at 8-9 weeks. 3-4L/day at peak. re-bred 7 months later.
dry period for 30-60 days

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12
Q

dairy goat industry

A

~230 producers in ont, increasing milk production (45M L. w around $45M in farm gate sales
ont has 75% of Canadas goat milk production

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13
Q

kid market weight/age

A

18-36kg, ~5-10 months old

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14
Q

goat meat industry

A

bucks from dairy and meat breeds. strong demand from ethnic market. most in On, then W Canada.

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15
Q

sannen

A

dairy goat breed, large and white.

persistent and high milk production, avg milk fat ~3.5%

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16
Q

toggenburg

A

oldest known dairy goat breed
moderate milk production, moderate milk fat ~3.3%, persistent production
usually a dirty brown colour
excellent structure, susceptible to heat stress

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17
Q

la mancha

A

dual purpose goat breed
ugly as hell, tiny ears
good milk production, high milk fat ~3.9%
calm temperment

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18
Q

nubian

A

dual purpose goat breed
long, floppy ears
more heat tolerant
lower milk production, high butterfat, (4-4.5%)
less photoperiod sensitive (out of season breeding)

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19
Q

boer

A 
meat breed of goat
South African 
fast growth rate
highly muscled, good carcass traits
less photoperiod sensitive
high disease resistance
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20
Q

goat housing

A

widely varied, needs to be goat proofed bc goats like to climb. bedded pack and raised feed alley
milked in parlours, parallel or rotary.

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21
Q

goat repro

A

seasonal breeders - short day. off-season breeding : light systems, estrus synchoronization.
18-21 day estrus cycle
gestation of 5 months
first kidding usually single, then commonly twin or triplet

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22
Q

when are doelings first bred, and does bred back

A

doelens at 6-8 months

does bred back 7 months post kidding

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23
Q

colostrum

A

v important, some producers use colostrum replacer.

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24
Q

goat challenges re: repro

A

preg toxemia (ketosis). increased risk w twins
kid mortality
- multiple births, lack of colostrum

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25
Q

goat nutrition

A

browsers, highly selective
prefer coarse whole grains
often get a supplement in the parlour as well
high feed refusals, cost effective diets (PMR)

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26
Q

goat challenges re nutrition

A

lactation : ketosis, milk fever
preg. toxemia, over condition prior to kidding
lots of unknowns re nutrient or mineral requirements. off label medication etc.

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27
Q

optimized pet nutrition

A

growth of industry improves health and wellbeing of pets and a market for farm byproducts

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28
Q

% of dogs fed kibble vs raw diet

A

95% kibble 5% raw

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29
Q

terminology- young female pig

A

gilt, until slaughter or first farrowing

30
Q

terminology- reproducing female

A

sow

31
Q

terminology- reproducing male

A

boar

32
Q

nursery pig age and weight

A

1 kg at birth, weaning age 2-5 weeks

33
Q

weaner pig age and weight

A

newly weaned ~3 weeks old, about 6kg

34
Q

starter/nursery pig age and weight

A

weaning to approx. 25kg

35
Q

grower pig weight

A

25-60kg

36
Q

finisher pig age and weight

A

60+ kg to market at 105-110kg, about 6 months old

37
Q

terminology- hog

A

growing/finishing pig

38
Q

market weight for pigs

A

105-110 kg

39
Q

Canadian pork market

A

free market, large price volatility, heavily export dependent. used to be marketed through provincial pork marketing board, rules changed in 2010

40
Q

pork pricing structure

A

priced on value of 7 market cuts: butt (shoulder), rib, belly, loin, picnic (front leg), ham, carcass
ham and loin are most expensive
necklines, tail + cutting loss- 4% of the pig

41
Q

pig distribution in canada

A

most in Manitoba, then on, qc, rest of the provinces account for 1/4 of the population
24% QC, 26% ON, 29% MB

42
Q

pig farming trends

A

decrease in farms, increase in pigs. 13.8million pigs, 7,650 pig farms.
decrease in exports due to COOL and H1N1

43
Q

COOL

A

what everyone calls me.

also, 2008, Country of origin labeling. decrease in CDN value of pork

44
Q

H1N1

A

“swine flu” big concern in 2009

45
Q

pork production trends

A

china top producer by far, then EU, US.

46
Q

pork export

A

mostly EU(35%), US(31%), followed by Canada (16) and Brazil(9).

47
Q

value markets for CDN pork

A

~1.3 million tonnes exported

~4b$ in trade

48
Q

pig production cycle

A

bring in replacements, bring out cull sows. breeding, 114d gestation, farrowing, weaning ~21d, nursery ~42d, grow/finish ~84-100d, market time ~150-160 days to market, around 5-6 months old

49
Q

yorksire

A

pig breed
erect ears, maternal line w maternal traits
originated in england
large, all white

50
Q

landrace

A

maternal breed - better growth traits

floppy ears

51
Q

Duroc

A

terminal breed, reddish brown, fast, lean growth and carcass traits

52
Q

hampshire

A

white band over shoulders, dark brown/black

fast growth, caracass traits

53
Q

commonly used pig breed

A

landrace x yorkshire, offspring X terminal sire for market pig

54
Q

sow repro

  • first estrus
  • litters/yr
  • gestation
  • lactation
A

first estrus around 120kg, target breeding at second estrus/150kg

  • ~2.3 litters/yr
  • 114-115 day gestation
  • 17-28 days lactation
55
Q

litter stats for sows

  • litters/lifetime
  • piglets/litter
  • re-breeding?
A

5 litters/lifetime
9-12 live piglets/litter
rebred 4-7 days post weaning

56
Q

boar repro
boar:sow ratio
how much AI

A

1:20

much higher w AI, ~85% of breeding w AI, teaser boars still used

57
Q

repro goals for pig farmers

A

max # of alive piglets born
minimize pre-weaning mortality
increase longevity

58
Q

piglet management at farrowing and indications of ear notching

A 
tagging/ear notching, right ear- litter, left ear- individual.
teeth clipping/filing
tail docking, castration for boar taint
watch for anemia, scours and starvation
high quality starter feed
59
Q

starter pigs

A

ease weaning process, offer a dry, inexpensive feed
growth delay up to 2 weeks
minimize disease by weaning early and moving to separate, clean location
use space and feed efficiently

60
Q

target weights at ages

A

4-9kg at weaning - 21 days old
25kg - 60-80 days old
115kg - 130-200 days

61
Q

grower/finisher pigs

A

fast lean growth, results in fast weight gains, good feed efficiency, high carcass lean yield
feed cost #1 factor.
- reduce feed usage/ unit of body weight gain
FCR ~3:1
optimize space/pig, climate controlled

62
Q

pig quantity vs quality

A

current grading rewards quantity over quality, should rEWARD CONSISTENT HIGH QUALITY PORK

63
Q

saleable lean yield equation

A

weight of carcass cuts/weight of whole animal

64
Q

effect of pH on meat

A

stress causes pH issues, as well as genetics
pH ~7 - dark firm dry meat, pH ~5.5 - pale soft extradited
ppl dont want this type of meat, normal meat goes down to about pH -6

65
Q

PEDv

A

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
- corona virus, attacks intestinal villi, speeds through direct contact
- highly contagion
close to 100% mortality in piglets, presents as illness post weaning but not as much mortality
first ont outbreak in 2014, economic losses and impacts producer mental health

66
Q

PRRS

A

porcine reproductive+respritaory syndrome
in canada since mid 90s, contagious but herds can become less susceptible to severe illness
2 symptoms - repro failure/abortions, stillborns and mummified piglets
- respiratory disease of pigs at any age
high prevalence in ont, large economic losses

67
Q

Herd management for disease

A

vaccines - limited success
making PRRS free herd certifications
prevention - early identification
biosecurity

68
Q

foreign animal disease in pigs

A

ASF, Foot + mouth disease, usually highly infectious, high mortality/morbidity
federally reportable
control usually involves euthanasia

69
Q

African Swine Fever

A

highly contagious, fatal disease found in wild boars, not a food safety concern, imported meats can spread the virus. first case reported in 2007, outbreak in china in 2018 resulted in 1/3 of chinas pigs being killed

70
Q

challenges facing CDN pork industry

A 
African swine fever
food safety recalls
proper assessment of quality and value
animal welfare
competitiveness of world markets

AGR 2350 (3 decks)

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