goats, pet industry and swine Flashcards
what are opportunities for growth domestically and internationally
domestic:
- ethnic markets
- increase in cheese demand
international:
- Canada Royal Milk- goat milk baby formula.
popular products from goats
milk
meat
fibre
other - recreational, goat yoga, soaps
what taxonomic family are goats in
caprine
terminology- mature male goat
buck / billy
terminology - mature female goat
doe / nanny
terminology - young goat
kid, buckling/doeling
terminology- castrated male
wether
goat industry trends - farms and goats in canada
decreasing # of farms, increasing # of goats
- most goats in ont, followed by Qc and Ab. few farms in western Canada, very few in the maritimes
- most farms in ont, 50% of farms with 36% of goats. equal in Qc, Ab and BC.
- goat farmers are often younger, 50 or less
goat milk marketing
trades on open market, no quota, needs to be licences and inspected under “milk act”.
only 2 main brokers in ont, gay lea and Ontario goat cooperative. sold to processors
challenges in goat production
price volatility- prices can range dramatically
cost of production - feed, labour, interest on debt
meat price variation
milk influx in spring/summer bc of kidding
tracability
milk cycle and production values
kidding may be seasonal (spring/summer), peak lactation at 8-9 weeks. 3-4L/day at peak. re-bred 7 months later.
dry period for 30-60 days
dairy goat industry
~230 producers in ont, increasing milk production (45M L. w around $45M in farm gate sales
ont has 75% of Canadas goat milk production
kid market weight/age
18-36kg, ~5-10 months old
goat meat industry
bucks from dairy and meat breeds. strong demand from ethnic market. most in On, then W Canada.
sannen
dairy goat breed, large and white.
persistent and high milk production, avg milk fat ~3.5%
toggenburg
oldest known dairy goat breed
moderate milk production, moderate milk fat ~3.3%, persistent production
usually a dirty brown colour
excellent structure, susceptible to heat stress
la mancha
dual purpose goat breed
ugly as hell, tiny ears
good milk production, high milk fat ~3.9%
calm temperment
nubian
dual purpose goat breed
long, floppy ears
more heat tolerant
lower milk production, high butterfat, (4-4.5%)
less photoperiod sensitive (out of season breeding)
boer
meat breed of goat South African fast growth rate highly muscled, good carcass traits less photoperiod sensitive high disease resistance
goat housing
widely varied, needs to be goat proofed bc goats like to climb. bedded pack and raised feed alley
milked in parlours, parallel or rotary.
goat repro
seasonal breeders - short day. off-season breeding : light systems, estrus synchoronization.
18-21 day estrus cycle
gestation of 5 months
first kidding usually single, then commonly twin or triplet
when are doelings first bred, and does bred back
doelens at 6-8 months
does bred back 7 months post kidding
colostrum
v important, some producers use colostrum replacer.
goat challenges re: repro
preg toxemia (ketosis). increased risk w twins
kid mortality
- multiple births, lack of colostrum
goat nutrition
browsers, highly selective
prefer coarse whole grains
often get a supplement in the parlour as well
high feed refusals, cost effective diets (PMR)
goat challenges re nutrition
lactation : ketosis, milk fever
preg. toxemia, over condition prior to kidding
lots of unknowns re nutrient or mineral requirements. off label medication etc.
optimized pet nutrition
growth of industry improves health and wellbeing of pets and a market for farm byproducts
% of dogs fed kibble vs raw diet
95% kibble 5% raw
terminology- young female pig
gilt, until slaughter or first farrowing
terminology- reproducing female
sow
terminology- reproducing male
boar
nursery pig age and weight
1 kg at birth, weaning age 2-5 weeks
weaner pig age and weight
newly weaned ~3 weeks old, about 6kg
starter/nursery pig age and weight
weaning to approx. 25kg
grower pig weight
25-60kg
finisher pig age and weight
60+ kg to market at 105-110kg, about 6 months old
terminology- hog
growing/finishing pig
market weight for pigs
105-110 kg
Canadian pork market
free market, large price volatility, heavily export dependent. used to be marketed through provincial pork marketing board, rules changed in 2010
pork pricing structure
priced on value of 7 market cuts: butt (shoulder), rib, belly, loin, picnic (front leg), ham, carcass
ham and loin are most expensive
necklines, tail + cutting loss- 4% of the pig
pig distribution in canada
most in Manitoba, then on, qc, rest of the provinces account for 1/4 of the population
24% QC, 26% ON, 29% MB
pig farming trends
decrease in farms, increase in pigs. 13.8million pigs, 7,650 pig farms.
decrease in exports due to COOL and H1N1
COOL
what everyone calls me.
also, 2008, Country of origin labeling. decrease in CDN value of pork
H1N1
“swine flu” big concern in 2009
pork production trends
china top producer by far, then EU, US.
pork export
mostly EU(35%), US(31%), followed by Canada (16) and Brazil(9).
value markets for CDN pork
~1.3 million tonnes exported
~4b$ in trade
pig production cycle
bring in replacements, bring out cull sows. breeding, 114d gestation, farrowing, weaning ~21d, nursery ~42d, grow/finish ~84-100d, market time ~150-160 days to market, around 5-6 months old
yorksire
pig breed
erect ears, maternal line w maternal traits
originated in england
large, all white
landrace
maternal breed - better growth traits
floppy ears
Duroc
terminal breed, reddish brown, fast, lean growth and carcass traits
hampshire
white band over shoulders, dark brown/black
fast growth, caracass traits
commonly used pig breed
landrace x yorkshire, offspring X terminal sire for market pig
sow repro
- first estrus
- litters/yr
- gestation
- lactation
first estrus around 120kg, target breeding at second estrus/150kg
- ~2.3 litters/yr
- 114-115 day gestation
- 17-28 days lactation
litter stats for sows
- litters/lifetime
- piglets/litter
- re-breeding?
5 litters/lifetime
9-12 live piglets/litter
rebred 4-7 days post weaning
boar repro
boar:sow ratio
how much AI
1:20
much higher w AI, ~85% of breeding w AI, teaser boars still used
repro goals for pig farmers
max # of alive piglets born
minimize pre-weaning mortality
increase longevity
piglet management at farrowing and indications of ear notching
tagging/ear notching, right ear- litter, left ear- individual. teeth clipping/filing tail docking, castration for boar taint watch for anemia, scours and starvation high quality starter feed
starter pigs
ease weaning process, offer a dry, inexpensive feed
growth delay up to 2 weeks
minimize disease by weaning early and moving to separate, clean location
use space and feed efficiently
target weights at ages
4-9kg at weaning - 21 days old
25kg - 60-80 days old
115kg - 130-200 days
grower/finisher pigs
fast lean growth, results in fast weight gains, good feed efficiency, high carcass lean yield
feed cost #1 factor.
- reduce feed usage/ unit of body weight gain
FCR ~3:1
optimize space/pig, climate controlled
pig quantity vs quality
current grading rewards quantity over quality, should rEWARD CONSISTENT HIGH QUALITY PORK
saleable lean yield equation
weight of carcass cuts/weight of whole animal
effect of pH on meat
stress causes pH issues, as well as genetics
pH ~7 - dark firm dry meat, pH ~5.5 - pale soft extradited
ppl dont want this type of meat, normal meat goes down to about pH -6
PEDv
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
- corona virus, attacks intestinal villi, speeds through direct contact
- highly contagion
close to 100% mortality in piglets, presents as illness post weaning but not as much mortality
first ont outbreak in 2014, economic losses and impacts producer mental health
PRRS
porcine reproductive+respritaory syndrome
in canada since mid 90s, contagious but herds can become less susceptible to severe illness
2 symptoms - repro failure/abortions, stillborns and mummified piglets
- respiratory disease of pigs at any age
high prevalence in ont, large economic losses
Herd management for disease
vaccines - limited success
making PRRS free herd certifications
prevention - early identification
biosecurity
foreign animal disease in pigs
ASF, Foot + mouth disease, usually highly infectious, high mortality/morbidity
federally reportable
control usually involves euthanasia
African Swine Fever
highly contagious, fatal disease found in wild boars, not a food safety concern, imported meats can spread the virus. first case reported in 2007, outbreak in china in 2018 resulted in 1/3 of chinas pigs being killed
challenges facing CDN pork industry
African swine fever food safety recalls proper assessment of quality and value animal welfare competitiveness of world markets
