Pre-test Flashcards
Medical prefixes
Chapter 2
Label body/ word bank like anterior, posterior
Chapter 1
Bone types:
Cortical: dense outershell, 80%
Cancellous: spongious bone encased by the cortical bone
Wolffs law
Bone reformation occurs in response to the stresses that is placed on it
Vertebrae in each section of the spine
Cervical- 7
Thoracic- 12
Lumbar-5
Nerve root function: dorsal and ventral
Dorsal- sensory
Ventral- motor
Vcf
Vertebral Compression Fracture: vertebral bone in the spine collapses, causing the spine to shorten and often fall forward
How many VCFs annually and how mean clinically treated
700,000 annually
1/3 treated
Osteoporosis
Skeletal disorder characterized by reduction in mass of bone and increase in risk fracture
Osteopenia
Bone condition in which concentration of minerals is diminished and bone mass reduced
Similarities and differences between osteoporosis and osteopenia
Similarities: increased risk of fracture from decreased bone mass
Differences: osteopenia has de-mineralized bone, while osteoporosis is normal mineralized bone p
NIH
National institute of health; one of the worlds most foremost medical research centers
Risk factors for osteoporosis
Genetic: family history, race
Behavioral: cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol, inactive lifestyle
Nutritional: low calcium diet, low body mass
Osteoblast vs Osteoclast
Osteoblast- creates or builds bone
Osteoclast- destroys bone
This reformation is in response to the stresses applied on it (Wolffs Law)
Treatments for osteoporosis
Non-pharmaceutical
adequate calcium intake, adequate vitamin d intake, regular weight bearing activity, reduced alcohol/ smoking
Label vertebral body
Look at picture
VCFs vertebral deformations:
Crush fractures: collapse of entire vertebral body
Wedge fractures: collapse of anterior or posterior of vertebral body
Bioconcave fracture: collapse of central portion of both vertebral body end plates
Treatments for VCF’s
Non-pharmaceutical
physical therapy, ice baths, braces, vertebroplasty, kypoplasty
Treatment for VCF:
(pharmaceutical)
SERM
Mimic the effects of estrogen in some tissues while blocking its effects in other tissues
Ex: evista
Effective at preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis without causing endometrial proliferation or increasing the risk of breast cancer
Increase hot flashes and leg cramps
Treatment for VCF:
(pharmaceutical)
Biophosphates
Bind permanently to mineralized bone surfaces and inhibit osteoclastic activity during bone resorption
Ex: boniva
Effective in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis
Side effects: nausea, heartburn, abdominal pain
Treatment for VCF:
(pharmaceutical)
Calcitonin
Increased the levels of calcium and potassium in the bones and lowers the level of calcium in the blood
Treatment not prevention of osteoporosis
Ex: miacalcin
Increases bone density, decreases bone loss, relieves pain of VCF
Side effects: nausea, diarrhea
Treatment for VCF:
(pharmaceutical)
Recombinant parathyroid hormone
Ex: forteo
Called bone formation agents; acts on osteoblasts to stimulate new bone growth and improve bone density
Decrease risk of VF
Side effects: dizziness, headache, pain
Question if it leads to bone disease
Non-narcotic pain
Acetaminophen, rare side effects, increased risk of liver damage
NSAIDs, negative effects on GI tract
Cox 2 inhibitors: anti-inflammatory drugs that exhibit cox-2 enzyme
Narcotic pain meds
Work directly on central nervous system
Ex: codeine and morphine
Can cause drowsiness and constipation
Patient operative placement
Supine or dorsal
Lying on the back
Patient operative placement
Prone
Lying on the abdomen (face down)
Patient operative placement
Knee-chest
Kneeling, face down
Patient operative placement
Lithotomy
Lying on back, thigh elevated, legs at 90 degrees
Patient operative placement
Trendelenburg
Lying on back, head down
Patient operative placement
Lateral decubitus
Lying on the side
Morbidity
Postoperative complications
Morality
Death, either on the surgical table or as a result of postoperative morbidity
Inflation Syringe releases _____ of contract into the IBT
.5 cc
Order of back table/ mayo stand
Guide pin Skin marker Scalpel Jamshid/11-gauge access needle Guide pin OsteoIntroducer w workin cannula Additional cannula Bone biopsy device Precision drill Bone filler device
Ballon size:
Size Max vol Max pres. color
10/3 4cc 400 psi Yellow
15/3 4cc 400psi Black
20/3 4cc 400psi White
Views of X-RAY
AP: end plates parallel, equidistant, pedicles located in upper 1/2 of vertebral body
Lateral: end plates parallel while pedicles superimposed
Oblique- direct view down canal of pedicle
Treatment for VCF
Pharmaceutical
Hormone replacement therapy SERM Biophosphates Calcitonin Recombinant parathyroid hormone
Treatment for VCF:
(pharmaceutical)
Hormone replacement therapy
example: premarin
* can prevent bone loss but is unable to restore bone mass
* effective at relieving postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness
* decreases the risk of fractures
* overall negative impact on patient health
SERM
Evista
Biophosphates
Boniva
Hormone replacement therapy
Premarin
Recombinant parathyroid hormone
Forteo
Calcitonin
Miacalcin
