Pre-Term Review Flashcards
Afferent
conducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).
Ameliorate
make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better
Anaphylactic Shock
A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.
Can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to an allergen.
Symptoms include a skin rash, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and shock.
If not treated right away, usually with epinephrine, it can result in unconsciousness or death.
Anhidrosis
an abnormal lack of sweat in response to heat - the person’s body is unable to sweat normally
Baroreflex (or baroreceptor reflex)
one of the body’s homeostatic mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels
Bradycardia
A heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults
Cholinergic
The abbreviated term referring to acetylcholine. The parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine almost exclusively to send its messages, is said to be almost entirely cholinergic.
A substance (or ligand) is cholinergic if it is capable of producing, altering, or releasing acetylcholine (“indirect-acting”) or mimicking its behaviour at one or more of the body’s acetylcholine receptor types (“direct-acting”). Such mimics are called parasympathomimetic drugs or cholinomimetic drugs.
A receptor is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.
A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.
Cycloplegia
Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation. Because of the paralysis of the ciliary muscle, the curvature of the lens can no longer be adjusted to focus on nearby objects
Diaphoretic
(in reference to a drug) inducing perspiration
Efferent
Conducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).
Exacerbate
make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse
Excocytosis
a process in which an intracellular vesicle (membrane bounded sphere) moves to the plasma membrane and subsequent fusion of the vesicular membrane and plasma membrane ensues. Contents of vesicles are released from the cell
Ganglionic
A group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord
Hemodynamic Shock
Inadequate circulating blood volume. Can be a result of bleeding from trauma, surgery, or dehydration.
Hyperhydrosis
A medical condition in which a person sweats excessively and unpredictably
Hypertension
A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high
Hypocalcemia
A condition in which the blood has too little calcium
Lacrimation
The secretion of tears especially when abnormal or excessive
Miosis
Excessive constriction of the pupil of the eye
Mydriasis
Dilation of the pupil of the eye
Paravertebral
Beside or near the vertebral column
Priapism
A potentially painful medical condition in which the erect penis does not return to its flaccid state, despite the absence of both physical and psychological stimulation, within four hours
Sialogogue
A drug or substance that increases the flow rate of saliva
Tachycardia
An abnormally rapid heart rate
Tachyphylaxis
Rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective. The effect is common with drugs acting on the nervous system.
Tocolytic Agent
Medications used to suppress premature labor
Xerostomia
Dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow (hyposalivation), or have no identifiable cause
Conductance of Action Potentials
Starts in the soma and propagates along the axon by opening of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels
(+) ions move into the cell causing excitatory depolarization
inhibitory hyperpolarization results from (+) ions moving out or (-) ions moving in
Terminal depolarization results in…
opening of voltage-sensitive Ca++ channels
Neurotransmitters are stored in…
Ca++-sensitive vesicles
Transmission of neurotransmitters
Ca++-sensitive vesicles fuse with the nerve terminal membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
What do neurotransmitters activate?
Receptors on the post-synaptic cell
Bioisostere
Chemical substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties to another chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound without making significant changes in chemical structure.
Classical Isosteres
Molecules or ions with the same number of atoms and/or the same number of valence electrons. The definition was later revised to include compounds with similarly reactive electron shells.
Non-Classical Isosteres
do not obey the classical classifications, but still produce similar biological effects in vivo. Non-classical isosteres may be made up of similar atoms, but their structures do not follow an easily definable set of rules.
What are the phases of drug metabolism?
Phase I - Modification
Phase II - Conjugation
Phase III - Further Modification and Excretion
Types of Phase I Modifications
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Types of Phase II Conjugations
Methylation Sulphation Acetylation Glucuronidation Glutathione Conjugation Glycine Conjugation
