Pre-Term Review

Question 1

Afferent

Answer 1

conducting or conducted inward or toward something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).

Question 2

Ameliorate

Answer 2

make (something bad or unsatisfactory) better

Question 3

Anaphylactic Shock

Answer 3

A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction.

Can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to an allergen.

Symptoms include a skin rash, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and shock.

If not treated right away, usually with epinephrine, it can result in unconsciousness or death.

Question 4

Anhidrosis

Answer 4

an abnormal lack of sweat in response to heat - the person’s body is unable to sweat normally

Question 5

Baroreflex (or baroreceptor reflex)

Answer 5

one of the body’s homeostatic mechanisms that helps to maintain blood pressure at nearly constant levels

Question 6

Bradycardia

Answer 6

A heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults

Question 7

Cholinergic

Answer 7

The abbreviated term referring to acetylcholine. The parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine almost exclusively to send its messages, is said to be almost entirely cholinergic.

A substance (or ligand) is cholinergic if it is capable of producing, altering, or releasing acetylcholine (“indirect-acting”) or mimicking its behaviour at one or more of the body’s acetylcholine receptor types (“direct-acting”). Such mimics are called parasympathomimetic drugs or cholinomimetic drugs.

A receptor is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.

A synapse is cholinergic if it uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter.

Question 8

Cycloplegia

Answer 8

Paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation. Because of the paralysis of the ciliary muscle, the curvature of the lens can no longer be adjusted to focus on nearby objects

Question 9

Diaphoretic

Answer 9

(in reference to a drug) inducing perspiration

Question 10

Efferent

Answer 10

Conducted or conducting outward or away from something (for nerves, the central nervous system; for blood vessels, the organ supplied).

Question 11

Exacerbate

Answer 11

make (a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling) worse

Question 12

Excocytosis

Answer 12

a process in which an intracellular vesicle (membrane bounded sphere) moves to the plasma membrane and subsequent fusion of the vesicular membrane and plasma membrane ensues. Contents of vesicles are released from the cell

Question 13

Ganglionic

Answer 13

A group of nerve cells forming a nerve center, especially one located outside the brain or spinal cord

Question 14

Hemodynamic Shock

Answer 14

Inadequate circulating blood volume. Can be a result of bleeding from trauma, surgery, or dehydration.

Question 15

Hyperhydrosis

Answer 15

A medical condition in which a person sweats excessively and unpredictably

Question 16

Hypertension

Answer 16

A condition in which the force of the blood against the artery walls is too high

Question 17

Hypocalcemia

Answer 17

A condition in which the blood has too little calcium

Question 18

Lacrimation

Answer 18

The secretion of tears especially when abnormal or excessive

Question 19

Miosis

Answer 19

Excessive constriction of the pupil of the eye

Question 20

Mydriasis

Answer 20

Dilation of the pupil of the eye

Question 21

Paravertebral

Answer 21

Beside or near the vertebral column

Question 22

Priapism

Answer 22

A potentially painful medical condition in which the erect penis does not return to its flaccid state, despite the absence of both physical and psychological stimulation, within four hours

Question 23

Sialogogue

Answer 23

A drug or substance that increases the flow rate of saliva

Question 24

Tachycardia

Answer 24

An abnormally rapid heart rate

Question 25

Tachyphylaxis

Answer 25

Rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective. The effect is common with drugs acting on the nervous system.

Question 26

Tocolytic Agent

Answer 26

Medications used to suppress premature labor

Question 27

Xerostomia

Answer 27

Dryness in the mouth, which may be associated with a change in the composition of saliva, or reduced salivary flow (hyposalivation), or have no identifiable cause

Question 28

Conductance of Action Potentials

Answer 28

Starts in the soma and propagates along the axon by opening of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels

(+) ions move into the cell causing excitatory depolarization
inhibitory hyperpolarization results from (+) ions moving out or (-) ions moving in

Question 29

Terminal depolarization results in…

Answer 29

opening of voltage-sensitive Ca++ channels

Question 30

Neurotransmitters are stored in…

Answer 30

Ca++-sensitive vesicles

Question 31

Transmission of neurotransmitters

Answer 31

Ca++-sensitive vesicles fuse with the nerve terminal membrane and release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

Question 32

What do neurotransmitters activate?

Answer 32

Receptors on the post-synaptic cell

Question 33

Bioisostere

Answer 33

Chemical substituents or groups with similar physical or chemical properties which produce broadly similar biological properties to another chemical compound. In drug design, the purpose of exchanging one bioisostere for another is to enhance the desired biological or physical properties of a compound without making significant changes in chemical structure.

Question 34

Classical Isosteres

Answer 34

Molecules or ions with the same number of atoms and/or the same number of valence electrons. The definition was later revised to include compounds with similarly reactive electron shells.

Question 35

Non-Classical Isosteres

Answer 35

do not obey the classical classifications, but still produce similar biological effects in vivo. Non-classical isosteres may be made up of similar atoms, but their structures do not follow an easily definable set of rules.

Question 36

What are the phases of drug metabolism?

Answer 36

Phase I - Modification
Phase II - Conjugation
Phase III - Further Modification and Excretion

Question 37

Types of Phase I Modifications

Answer 37

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

Question 38

Types of Phase II Conjugations

Answer 38

Methylation
Sulphation
Acetylation
Glucuronidation
Glutathione Conjugation
Glycine Conjugation