Pre,Peri and Post Natal Issues, and Prematurity - Test 1

Question 1

Define preterm.

Answer 1

infant born before 38 weeks of gestation or less

9.8% of births - preterm

Question 2

Low birthweight =

very low birthweight =

Answer 2

2500 grams

1500 grams

Question 3

define :

natal

pre-natal

Answer 3

birth

before birth

Question 4

autosomal dominant

Answer 4

abnormal gene passed on from one of the non-sex chromosomes. (NEUROFIBROMITOSIS)

Question 5

autosomal recessive

Answer 5

gene must be carried from both parents (1/4 chance of getting disease)

Question 6

sex-linked

Answer 6

Sex linked abnormal gene is passed on sex-linked chromosome by the mother

Question 7

polygenic or multifactorial

Answer 7

Many genes passed from both parents

Question 8

Syphilis

Answer 8

Caused by hepatitus, can lead to death, feeding problems, and neurological deficits

Question 9

Toxoplasmosi

Answer 9

Can get it from changing cat litter and sand boxes or eating raw meat- fecal matter from cats can cause death, hydrocephaly, liver damage, and chorioretinits (blindness)

Question 10

rubella (measles)

Answer 10

used to be more common prior to vaccination, although may become more of an issue because parents aren’t vaccinating their children due to the autism scare. Can cause deaf/blindness, MR, heart defects

Question 11

cytomegalovirus

Answer 11

type of herpes spread through the body fluids, multiple system involvement passed onto baby- Can cause multiple neurological conditions and deafness, very severe for: organ transplants, AIDs patients, and developing fetuses

Question 12

BRONCHOPULMONARY DZ (BPD)

Answer 12

acute respiratory problem that requires prolonged use of ventilator.

Question 13

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO

Answer 13

life support using a cardiopulmonary bypass.

Question 14

MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME (MAS

Answer 14

aspiration of meconium into trachea and bronchi.

Question 15

APNEA

Answer 15

prolonged pause in respiration, accompanied by slowing of heart rate.

Question 16

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (RDS)

Answer 16

air sacs of term babies kept open by a chemical coating called surfactant for gas exchange to occur. In premature infant doesn’t produce surfactant the lungs will collapse.

Question 17

PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSIS

Answer 17

blood backing into lungs

Question 18

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy:

Answer 18

lack of oxygen due to many factors (perinatal), seizures are associated.

Question 19

Intraventricular or intracranial hemorrhage (IVH):

Answer 19

bleeding into cerebral ventricles and surrounding brain tissue.

GRADE 1 & 2 BRAIN BLEEDS - can be reversible
GRADE 3- Can cause motor problems, can cause cerebral palsy. If half the tracts are affected it can cause spastic diplegia.
GRADE 4- Most severe, involves bleeding into ventricles, can cause more severe cerebral palsy

Question 20

PERIVENTRICULAR LEUKOMALACIA (PVL):

Answer 20

necrosis of white matter below the cortex around the ventricles.

Question 21

HYDROCEPHALUS

Answer 21

inflammation from blood in ventricles impedes circulation and re-absorption of CSF. Build-up of CSF in the ventricles of the brain.
DELAYED MOTOR SKILLS

Question 22

HYPERBILLIRUBEMIA

Answer 22

excess of bilirubin, referred to as jaundice

Question 23

NECROTIZING ENTERCOLITIS (NEC)

Answer 23

necrosis of the mucosa of the small intestine and colon

Question 24

MALNUTRITION

Answer 24

referred to as failure to thrive if not maintaining adequate calories or inadequate absorption of nutrients

Question 25

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

Answer 25

GRADES 1 AND 2 = Minor, no long term effects GRADE 3= Results in high levels of nearsightedness GRADE 4= Involves the retina being partly attached, causes significant vision problems GRADE 5 = _Completely detached retina, leads to blindness

Question 26

Stages of preemie development

Answer 26

``` Early preemie Less than 30 weeks gestation Developing preemie 30-35 weeks gestation Older preemie 35 weeks + gestation ```

Question 27

Early preemie

Answer 27

Remains more or less in drowsy state Shows unstable physiologic signs Coloring changes, cardiorespiratory problems Demonstrates flaccid muscle tone, few elicited responses and jitteriness Weak palmar grasp, weak suction reaction Shows little capacity to remain alert

Question 28

Developing preemie

Answer 28

Shows longer periods of alertness and some fuzziness Physiologically more stable Motor systems include disorganized movements and some self-comforting movements Flaccid muscle tone, beginning to flex knees, frog-like posture Stronger suck and grasp Lifting of legs, swiping of arms, attempts to reach mouth or kick Attends briefly to caregiver

Question 29

Older preemie

Answer 29

Physiologically stable, Well-differentiated states with longer alert periods Movements are smoother and more coordinated Greater muscle tone, better suck swallow reflex, palmar grasp, better motor control Beginnings to respond to social interaction May pus away a stimulus, more directed self-comfort, much longer alert periods

Question 30

When does visual alertness appear?

Answer 30

Around 30 weeks

Question 31

OT Goals

Answer 31

Enhance parent – infant interaction Facilitate infant’s own adjustment to environment Facilitate infant’s acquisition of motor skills Facilitate infant’s development of appropriate feeding