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Italy > pre-Mussolini > Flashcards

pre-Mussolini Flashcards

1
Q

political problems after unification

A
  • limited franchise until 1922
  • nationalism grew
  • peasant discontent
  • weak coalitions (trasformisio)
  • socialist party grew
  • 20 governments (1870-1915)
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2
Q

social problems after unification

A
  • more than 69% illiterate in 1870
  • natural disasters
  • after 1890s, 200,000 emigrated per year
  • hostile catholic church (PPI 1919)
  • modernization and overcrowding
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3
Q

economic problems after unification

A
  • limited transport, communications and resources
  • TB and Malaria
  • Economic growth in North only
  • failed attempts to improve industry in South
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4
Q

how was unification successful?

A

1900: free trade
1912: manhood suffrage

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5
Q

how was unification unsuccessful?

A

1900: king Umburto I assassinated
1910: Vesuvius
1910-11: 2,500 died from cholera in Naples

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6
Q

what was the Roman question?

A

split between the Italian state and catholic church (refused to recognize Italy as a state, and wanted its land back)

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7
Q

what was rigorgimento?

A

unifivation of ITaly in to a new nation after 1870

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8
Q

What was irredentism?

A

nationalist belief that unification would only be complete when ALL Italian speaking lands were incorporated

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9
Q

What opposition did Giolitti face from the nationalists?

A
  • ANI formed 1910 (Corradini)
  • not willing to work with liberals
  • invasion of Libya 1911 partly to appease Nationalists
  • influential 1911-14 after Adwa and poverty
  • want aggressive foreign policy
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10
Q

What opposition did Giolitti face from the socialists?

A
  • PSI formed 1892 (Turati)
  • won a qaurter of seats in 1913
  • Giolitti offered moderate social reform
  • -> sick pay and some pensions
  • Bissolati offered place in cabinet
  • Compromises with the socialist damaged relations with others
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11
Q

What opposition did Giolitti face from the Catholics?

A
  • 1904 - “two parallel lines”
  • 1911 - part of governing coalitions in Bologna, Florence and Venice
  • pope favoured Giolitti in 1913
  • Roman question not solved
  • Giolitti offered some concessions e.g. RE in schools
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12
Q

What problems did Giolitti face with the economy?

A
  • south less modernised
  • -> disease and drought after deforestation

-BUT - increasing exports and more manufacturing e.g. Fiat

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13
Q

What problems did Giolitti face with Libya?

A
  • national enthusiasm (first overseas colony)
  • did not appease ANI, who claimed credit
  • money lost and 3500 Italians died
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14
Q

What problems did Giolitti face with the extended franchise?

A
  • 1912: all men over 30 can vote
  • -> 70% of franchise illiterate
  • PSI got a quarter of votes in 1913
  • trasformisio now impossible
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15
Q

when did Giolitti resign?

A

21st March 1914

  • mass suffrage meant socialists and Catholics got most the vote
  • replaced by Salandra
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16
Q

what was the intervention crisis?

A
  • join triple alliance 1882
  • salandra wants to join and begins secret discussions
  • Giolotti, 300 MPs, PSI, Catholics and pope all against intervention
  • Treaty of London
  • king asked G to form a new ministry
17
Q

when was the intervention crisis?

A

26 April 1915

18
Q

when did Italy enter the war?

A

25th may 1915 (delcare war on Austria)

19
Q

how did social tensions increase during the war?

A
  • frostbite and cholera for soldiers
  • 5 million conscripts, cant understand commanders
  • Cadorna killed 4000 for desertion
  • abandoned 600,000 pows
  • 400,000 disappeared at Caporetto
20
Q

how did political tensions increase during the war?

A
  • 1916 strafexpedition crippled morale. Salandra forced to resign
  • Caporetto reignited divisions
  • PSI only party in Europe not supporting war
  • increased polarisation
21
Q

how did economic tensions increase during the war?

A
  • 2 machine guns per batallion (Austria had 12)
  • strikes illegal
  • inflation and imbalanced economy
  • real wages fell 25%
  • August 1917: 50 workers killed in Turin
22
Q

how did things change for Italy?

A

-Dallolio outproduced Britain for artillery

  • October 1918: Orlando encouraged Diaz to attack
  • ->24th Vittorio Veneto

-Austria signed armistice on November 4th

23
Q

what new groups formed after the war ended?

A

Trinceristi: returned soldiers

Arditi: commanders in army after Caporetto

Squadrismo: military fascist squads

24
Q

what was the mutilated victory?

A
  • Italy did not get Fiume at Versailles. Orlando was considered a failure and forced to resign
  • D’Annunzio’s phrase to describe liberal weakness
25
Q

what was the occupation of Fiume?

A

12 september 1919
D’Annunzio took 2000 men to occupy Fiume

gov failed to respond for 15 months

26
Q

Who were the prime ministers during WW1?

A

Salandra –> Boselli –> Orlando

27
Q

Who were the army leaders during ww1?

A

Cadorna –> Diaz (1917 = turning point)

28
Q

What were the key battles in WW1?

A

Caporetto: 1917
Veneto: 1918

Italy (8 decks)

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