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establishing a dictatorship Flashcards

1
Q

what was the acerbo law?

A

-proposed that 2/3 of parliamentary seats went to the party who won more than 25% of the vote

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2
Q

how was the acerbo law passed?

A
  • PCI and PSI opposed it
  • Vatican, church and king supported it (want stability)
  • fascists stage demonstrations in Tuscany and Umbria and threaten violence
  • M wore black shirt in parliament
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3
Q

what happened at the April 1924 election?

A
  • tainted by violence (and the murder of Piccinini)
  • prominent liberals on list of fascist candidates
  • Mussolini got 66.3% of vote (275 deputies)
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4
Q

what was the Matteoti crisis?

A
  • PCI leader Matteoti gave speech criticizing corruption of election (rumors he had file)
  • 10 June: kidnapped
  • 16 August: body found just outside Rome
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5
Q

how did the Matteoti crisis effect Mussolini?

A
  • his press secretary, Rossi, owned the car that a witness saw Matteoti dragged in to
  • Dumini (head of ceka) led the kidnapping
  • press were fiercely critical
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6
Q

what was the aventine secession?

A

-13 June 1924: 100 antifascit deputies left parliament, establishing their own parliament on Aventine hill

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7
Q

what was the effect of the Aventine Secession?

A
  • destroyed chances of a vote of no confidence
  • gave king chance to do nothing
  • M ordered PNF to cease violence
  • 26 June: senate gave gov a vote of confidence by 255 votes to 21
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8
Q

what happened in November 1924?

A
  • M bows to demands from army
  • -> removes PNF members who continue violence and makes MSVN swear oath of loyalty to king
  • -> this angered the ras
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9
Q

what happened on December 31st 1924?

A

-M meed with squads who threaten to remove M as their leader

-Salandra and leaders threaten to leave coaltion

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10
Q

what happened on 3rd January 1924?

A

-M makes speech to parliament announcing fascist dictatorship, not of the party but a personal rule under himself

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11
Q

what happened on 12th Jan 1925?

A

-M formed a new cabinet, without most liberals

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12
Q

what happened in February 1925?

A

-M appoints Farinacci as PNF secretary, giving him the role of purging radicals who do not support M’s political direction

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13
Q

what happened in October 1925?

A
  • FGC approve motion forcing ras to disband sqaudristi (this gains army support)
  • Palazo-Vidoni pact (fascist unions take power from socialist and catholic unions)
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14
Q

How do other parties grow weak in 1925?

A
  • Zaniboni is arrested for alleged assassination attempt. Mussolini banned the PSU
  • pope withdraws support for PPI and it collapses
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15
Q

How does Mussolini become a dictator 1925-6?

A
  • Dec 1925: becomes Il Duce and head of gov (parliament can not remove him with vote of no confidence)
  • Jan 1926: granted ability to rule by decree
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16
Q

what happened on the 31st October 1926?

A
  • alleged assassination attempt allowed Mussolini to ban all political parties except the PNF
  • OVRA established
  • communist parliamentarians banned and leader Gramsci arrested
17
Q

how did Mussolini finalize his establishment of a dictatorship?

A
  • elected local gov and mayors replaced with podesta
  • PNF secretary Turati stated that prefects would come before ras in any conflict

-By end of 1926 Italy was a one party police state

18
Q

how did weak opponents help Mussolini consolidate power 1922-26?

A
  • king shows support
  • Give M emergency powers 1922-23
  • Aventine secession
  • liberals go on 1924 electoral list
  • Catholics collaborate
  • feb 1923: ANI absorbed in to PNF
19
Q

how did the actions of Mussolini in suppressing the fascists help consolidate power 1922-26?

A
  • Ras want fascist revolution
  • FGC 1922: helps M overcome weak position in cabinet
  • MSVN squads control violence (absorb squadristi in 1923)
  • purges radicals
  • 1922-23 party doubled in size
20
Q

how did threats of violence and promises help Mussolini consolidate power 1922-26?

A
  • November 1922: threatens to dismiss parliament unless he gets emergency powers
  • Acerbo law: black shirt in parliament
  • 1924 election: intimidation and violence
21
Q

how did Mussolini’s control of parliament help consolidate power 1922-26?

A
  • made himself foreign minister and minister of the interior
  • appointed De’Stefani to reassure conservative industrialists
  • emergency powers
  • FGC
22
Q

how could it be claimed that Mussolini’s opponents were not weak 1922-23?

A
  • assassination attempts
  • skillful political appointments get liberals on side
  • didn’t want civil war/unrest
  • not weak, just made mistakes

Italy (8 decks)

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