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Plant and Soil Science > Pre Midterm (Both) > Flashcards

Pre Midterm (Both) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

Cellulose

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2
Q

What is the most common organic compound on earth

A

Cellulose

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3
Q

How can plants benefit soil?

A

They hold down soils when they die they make up parts of the organic matter

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4
Q

What percent of modern medicines attribute their origins to plant based traditional medicines?

A

25%

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5
Q

What kinds of biofuels can be made

A

Ethanol and biodiesel

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6
Q

What/ how is ethanol made?

A

High sugar yielding crops (ex corn) and fermented to produce ethanol

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7
Q

What/how is biodiesel made

A

Produce crops that have high levels of oils, and chemically convert it to biodiesel

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8
Q

Wheat and rice are staples of ________ food and corn is primarily __________ food

A

Human food
Animal feed

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9
Q

What is the 4th biggest food source

A

Potatoes

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10
Q

Where did potatoes originate

A

Peru, northwest chile & Bolivia around 8000 to 10000 years ago.

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11
Q

Where are the 3 main areas that crops came from

A

North East Europe and Africa
China and Southeast Asia
Southern Mexico and South America

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12
Q

Where are the 3 main areas that crops came from

A

North East Europe and Africa
China and Southeast Asia
Southern Mexico and South America

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13
Q

What can the origin of crops tell us

A

Can help us find related genes to find disease and insect resistant strains.

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14
Q

What is domestication?

A

Train or adapt animal/plant to live in human environment to be used by humans.

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15
Q

What are the first and second part of a name in the binomial naming system, and other general rules.

A

Genus, and a specific epithet.
They make up the species name.
Genus is always capitalized,
Specific epithet is never capitalized
Always italicize (handwrite = underlined)

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16
Q

What is a cereal crop

A

A crop harvested for its seed

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17
Q

What is a pulse

A

Plants from Fabaceae family grown for seed food

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18
Q

Forage

A

Grown for vegetative part for animal feed

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19
Q

What kinds of Fuels come from plants

A

Wood, straw for heat energy; biodiesel and ethanol

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20
Q

Medicinal and vegetable

A

For use in medicine, and edible vegetables

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21
Q

Specialty use

A

Bird feed

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22
Q

Annual vs biennial vs perennial

A

Annual: germinate, produce seed and die within a year.
Biennial: complete there life cycle in 13-24 months
Perennial: lives for several years and can produce year after year.

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23
Q

Coniferous vs deciduous

A

Coniferous: doesn’t drop leaves (aka: evergreen)
Deciduous: drops leaves

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24
Q

Describe C4 plants

A

Usually have a longer season, prefer higher temps, create their own energy

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25
Q

Describe C3 plants

A

Tolerate lower temps, seasons are usually shorter. They make food immediately for use

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26
Q

Describe monocots

A

Single cotyledon. Large endosperm containing stored food. Plumule is enclosed and protected by coleoptile until the shoot is above ground. Fibrous roots. Long and narrow leaves, divided into sheath and blade.

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27
Q

Describe Dicots

A

Two cotelydons, food is stored in cotyledons. No cleoptile cotelydons are raised above the soil surface and function initially as leaves. Tapped roots, broadleafs with network of veins

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28
Q

What is leaf area index

A

Leaf area to land area ratio. Only leaf area exposed to sun is counted

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29
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Any observable straight of a organisms genes

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30
Q

What is a genotype

A

Genetic constitution of an organism

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31
Q

What is biofortification

A

Breeding crops to increase their nutritional value

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32
Q

What are perenchyma cells

A

Basically filler tissue

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33
Q

What are Collenchyma cells

A

Extra support, usually in areas of new growth

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34
Q

What are sclerenchyma cells

A

Lignin, or super strong cells

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35
Q

What is meristematic tissue

A

Tissues responsible for growth

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36
Q

Three types of Merestim

A

Apical, Lateral, Intercalary

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37
Q

Apical maristem defined

A

The tips of roots, the growth points of the plant. There’s a root cap over it protecting it

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38
Q

Later Meristem

A

(Aka vascular cambium) found only in dicots, they make the girth of the plant. It’s just below the bark. That’s what results in growth rings

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39
Q

Intercalary meristems (monocots)

A

Located near the nodes, allow for rabid regrowth (Monocots don’t have growth rings

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40
Q

Vascular tissue

A

Responsible for the movement of water, food, and nutrience

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41
Q

Types of vascular tissue

A

Xylem
Phloem

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42
Q

Xylem

A

Water and solutes are continuously transported. From roots to the rest of plants. Thick cell walls. It’s the veins in the leaves

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43
Q

Phloem

A

Moves the food, (products of photosynthesis) several types of cells across together to transport food

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44
Q

Vascular bundles

A

The phloems in the outside, and xylem is on the interior

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45
Q

How are the vascular bundles organized in monocots

A

They are scattered throughout the stem

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46
Q

What is the %compisition of ideal soil

A

45% mineral Fraction
5% organic matter
20%-30% water
20%-30% air

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47
Q

Soil profile vs soil horizon

A

Profile is the entire vertical section, horizons are the individual layers you can identify (usually A, B and C)

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48
Q

7 functions of soil

A

Plant growth medium P
Regulates water supply W
Habitat for soil organisms H
Natures recycling system R
Global energy cycle (black absorbs heat,G white reflects)
Influences atmospheric conditions (oxygen, A nitrogen, ect)
Engeneering medium (roads, houses) E

GAPHER W

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49
Q

What are the four ecosystem services

A

Provisioning services
Regulating services
Cultural services
Support services

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50
Q

Provisioning services

A

Food
Fresh water
Fuelwood
Biochemicals
Genetic resources

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51
Q

Regulating services

A

Climate regulation
Disease regulation
Flood/drought regulation
Erosion regulation
Water purification
Pollination

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52
Q

Cultural services

A

Religious and spiritual
Recreation and ecotourism
Aesthetic
Inspirational
Educational
Sense of place
Cultural heritage

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53
Q

Supporting services

A

(Main service)
Soil formation
Nutrient cycling
Primary production

54
Q

How many years for inch of topsoil

A

Thousands of years ago

55
Q

Mineral vs Rock

A

Mineral is mineral
Rock is two or more naturally occurring mixture of mineral

56
Q

Particle size of sand

A

0.05mm - 0.2mm

57
Q

Size of silt

A

0.002mm - 0.05mm

58
Q

Size of clay

A

<0.002mm

59
Q

Why is high salinity bad for soil?

A

Holds onto water. It’s spottier then calcium, calcium is an even white

60
Q

What is SOM Soil organic matter) composed of

A

Living organisms
Plant litter/residue
Dissolved organic biomolecules
Stable organic matter(hummus)

61
Q

Humus va fresh residue

A

Fresh residue insulates, protects, and covers from rain

Hummus holds lots of water, errosion resistant, soil fertility.

62
Q

What can you tell by the colour of the soil

A

The darker the colour the more organic material it has

63
Q

How can you reduce soil losses (mostly top organic soil)

A

Reduce/elikinate tillage
Avoid excess N fertalizer
Dont burn crop residue
Grow cover crops between cash crops
More perrenial crops

64
Q

What do soil texture and structure influence

A

Infiltration,
permeability
Water holding capacity

65
Q

What are aggregates

A

Spacial arrangement of primary soil particles basically the shapes of bigger chunks made up by the particles.

66
Q

What can influence soil structure

A

Clay particles mutual attraction
Shrinking and swelling of clay
Living organisms biological processes

67
Q

Different types of soil structure and their water runnof speed

A

Granular - rapid
Prismatic - moderate
Single grain - rapid
Massive - slow
Blocky - moderate
Platy - slow

68
Q

What is bulk density

A

Mass of a unit volume of dry soil, determines porosity

69
Q

Factors effecting bulk density

A

Fine textured souls have a lower bulk density then sandy soils
Sandy soils have less organic matter, less aggregated
Bulk density is greater the deeper you get because: less organic matter, more compaction, fewer biopores

70
Q

What is soil porosity

A

Volume percentage of pores in a soul

71
Q

Macro vs micro pores

A

Macro: allow ready movement/drainage of air and water, accommodate plant roots, found between aggregates

Micro: field with water in field soils, water moves slowly, not very much air movement.

72
Q

What’s an adhesion force

A

Attraction of water molecules to the surface of soil particles; the positively charged side of water molecules is attracted to the negatively charged surface of soil particles

73
Q

What is a cohesion force

A

The force of attraction of like molecules

Cohesion in water is the result of its dipole character: the negative side of one water molecule is attracted to the positive side of another water molecule

74
Q

Define saturation

A

When the pore space is entirely filled with water instead of air

75
Q

Define field capacity

A

When the forces attracting the outer layers of water to the soil particles are just balanced enough by the force of gravity.

76
Q

If a soul has 20% volumetric content, is it wet dry or in between

A

There’s no way to answer unless we know the soil texture

77
Q

How does capillary water movement occur

A

Adhesive and cohesive forces combine. When soil moisture falls below field capacity, water is attracted to itself and can flow in any direction, including up.

78
Q

What are factors affecting soil formation

A

Parent material
Topography
Time
Climate
Organisms

79
Q

How does parent material influence soil

A

They’re mainly classified by how they’re transported. Weather the developed in place: Residual

Or moved there from many different factors: Transported

80
Q

Material transported by river?

A

Alluvial / Fluvial

81
Q

Material moved by lake?

A

Lacustirine

82
Q

Material moved by oceans

A

Marine

83
Q

Material moved by ice/glacial river

A

Glacial fluvial

84
Q

Material moved by glacial lakes

A

Glacial Lacustrine

85
Q

Material moved by gladiers

A

Glacial till

86
Q

Material moved by wind

A

Loess

87
Q

Material moved by landslides

A

Colluvium

88
Q

What are the major components of soil climate

A

Moisture
Temperature (influencing evaporation)

89
Q

What do hot humid climates do to soil

A

Fast soil development
Faster weathering and leaching of nutrients and organic matter

90
Q

What does a cool dry climate do to soil

A

Slower soil development
Higher fertility ( limited meaching of nutrients, clay, and organic matter.)

91
Q

How can topography affect soils?

A

Slopes effect water runoff, (erosion ect)
South facing slopes are warmer in the northern hemisphere, so depending on the placement and direction, it can have different temps.

92
Q

What is the acronym for factors effecting soil formation and what they mean

A

T2POC
Topography
Parent material
Organic matter
Climate
Time

93
Q

What does pedogenesis mean

A

Pedo = soil
Genesis = origin
Pedogenesis = soil history/origin

94
Q

What are the four pedogenic processes

A

Transformation (mineral weathering into diff mineral)
Translocation (moving though horizons, vertically and horizontally)
Additions (ex. Manure urine)
Losses (surface erosion)

95
Q

How are A horizons formed

A

Addition, mixing, and transformation of organic matter

96
Q

What is Ap horizon?

A

P for ploughing or people, A horizon disturbed by human activities

97
Q

What is Ah horizon?

A

H for Humus, enriched with organic matter with dark colour, granular structure.

98
Q

What is Ae horizon

A

The eluviation of clay, organic matter, iron, or aluminum. Typically lighter then Ah

99
Q

What is Bt horizon?

A

T for texture, indication clay. It is the alluvial horizon that forms below an alluvial horizon (Ae)

100
Q

What is Bn horizon?

A

B horizon riches with sodium (n for Na) usually prismatic or columnar structure and occasionally gas round top columnar, very hard when dry

101
Q

What is Bm horizon?

A

M for minimally altered. Similar to A and C but just different enough.

102
Q

What is Cca horizon?

A

Ca for carbon, a horizon enriched with carbonates as compared to parent material

103
Q

What is Ck horizon

A

Horizon containing calcium and magnesium

The K is because I’m fed up with the stupid names. So they say, Ca and Mg? K.

104
Q

What is a Cg horizon?

A

A horizon with evidence of looting and Gleying????due to water saturation. Tf is gleying

105
Q

Where do organic horizons form?

A

Bogs, fens, swamps, marshes (informally called peat layer) they’re 17% or more organic carbon

106
Q

What is a Of horizon?

A

F for fibric, high in relatively undecomposed fibrous material

107
Q

What is a Om horizon?

A

M means mesic or medium. Medium decomposed fibrous material

108
Q

What is an Oh horizon

A

H for humus, mostly decomposed organic residues

109
Q

What is the L horizon?

A

Litter, accumulation of relatively fresh undecomposed residue (fallen leaves)

110
Q

What is the F horizon?

A

Accumulation of partially decomposed residues

111
Q

What is the H horizon?

A

Humic, accumulation of decomposed organic material where organic structures are indescribable

112
Q

What is the hierarchy of Soil classification?

A

Order
Great Group
Subgroup
Family

113
Q

What is a soil order based on?

A

The overall nature of the soil environment and dominant soil formation process

114
Q

What is a soil great group based on?

A

The differences in the strength of major processes or a major contribution of a process in addition to a dominant ine

115
Q

How are soil subgroups differentiated

A
  1. How closely they correspond to the central concept of a great group
  2. Transitional stages grading towards another order
  3. Additional special features
116
Q

How are Soil family’s used

A

To group series of the same subgroup

117
Q

What are grassland soil orders?

A

Chernozem
Vertisol
Solonetz

118
Q

What are the forest soil orders

A

Luvisol
Brunisol
Podzol

119
Q

What are the wetland soil orders

A

Gleysol
Organic

120
Q

What is the under developed soil order?

A

Regosol
(No B horizon)

121
Q

What is the tundra soul order?

A

Cryosol

122
Q

Describe the chernozemic soil order

A

Develops in grassland
A horizon: Thick, high organic matter, dark, granular.
B horizon: Different in colour and structure from A
C horizon: parent material Rick in line, effervesces (fizzes) when dilute acid applied.
Productive soil, yells often limited by precipitation not by fertility

123
Q

Describe the vertisolic soil order

A

Heavy clay soil with poorly defined horizons due to the shrinking and swelling of the clay? Which causes vertical cracks when dried.
Develop on glacial lacustrine latent material (clay)
Polished surface s (slickenside) can be developed at depth where a mass of soil is displaced along a crack.

124
Q

Describe solenetzic soil

A

Develops in grasslands on sodium rich parent material/groundwater. Pose several limitations to plant growth
Bn Bnt

125
Q

Describe luvisolic soil

A

Develops in forests primarily in loamy tills derived from sedimentary parent material
LFH
A horizon alleviated
B horizon darker due to clay and OM from A
Low fertility, better moisture then grassland tho

126
Q

Describe Brunisoluc Soil

A

Forest soul
LFH (leaf litter)
A horizon - some leaching
B horizon - minimal development
May later develop into luvisols or podzols

127
Q

Describe Podsolic soil

A

Develops in forests on sandy soils underlain by igneous rock
Similar to brunisols but occur where annual perception >700mm

128
Q

Gleysolic Soil

A

Occur on wet and poorly drained areas
Exhibit Gley (mottling, blueish gray dull colours) associated with periodic or prolonged saturation causing oxygen depletion. Reduction of iron and manganese lead to changes in dominant soul colour

129
Q

Describe organic Soil order

A

Wetland soils in forested regions
Peats, bog or fen soils, or mucks; organic layer >40cm
Upland sites in coastal rainforests where leaf litter and woody materials accumulate

130
Q

Describe Regosolic Soil Order

A

Soils with limited development
Occur across Canada, usually on landforms with unstable land surface
No b horizon

131
Q

Describe cyrosolic soil order

A

Soils of artic and tundra regions with permanently frozen layers in the soil profile

132
Q

Describe the proposed Anthroposolic soil order

A

Basically any land modified so far beyond recognizable soil orders

Plant and Soil Science (2 decks)

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