Lab Final (Plant) Flashcards
1
Q
What is a cotyledon?
A
the first leaf or one of the first leaves developed by the embryo of a seed plant that is usually folded within the seed until germination and serves as a storehouse of food
2
Q
What is the scutellum
A
It’s the cotyledon in a monocot, specialized for absorption of the endosperm.
3
Q
What is unique to monocots?
A
- One cotyledon (scutellum) per seed)
- parallel lead Venetian
- flower parts are in multiples of three
- no vascular cambium
4
Q
What is unique to dicots?
A
- two cotyledons
- net or branched leaf venation
- floral parts are in multiples of four or five
- has a vascular cambium (part responsible for growing thickness
5
Q
What is a cereal grain?
A
Any member of the grass family grown for the harvested product of its mature seed.
6
Q
What is the grass family’s formal scientific name?
A
Poaceae
7
Q
Describe the radicle?
A
The radicle is the primary root in embryonic form. The radicle in monocots is protected by a structure called the coleorhiza.
8
Q
What two things form the seminal root system? (Aka seedling root system)
A
The radicle and the lateral seminal roots that come from the node in the scutellum.
9
Q
What is the plumule?
A
The embryonic shoot that develops into the above ground plant structure. It consists of two pre-formed leaves, and the shoot apical maristem (SAM)
10
Q
What does the shoot apical maristem do? (SAM)
A
A small growth point between the two preformed leaves.
11
Q
What is the coleoptile?
A
The special cover only grass plumules have. Protects the delicate leaves of the plumuke as the push through the dirt.
12
Q
What is the cotelydon (scutellum) in a monocot?
A
Some of the food that’s been stored in the seed prior to it reaching sunlight. That food is stored in the Scutellum.
13
Q
What is the endosperm?
A
Food stored outside the embryo but within the seed. Endosperm is highly charged with starch granules intended to supply the seedling with the carbs it needs to grow.
14
Q
What does the fruit develop from??
A
From the ripened ovary walls of any flower.
15
Q
What is a pericarp?
A
the part of a fruit formed from the wall of the ripened ovary.
16
Q
What is the testa?
A
Th a papery covering of the actual seed is the testa.
17
Q
What makes up the bran?
A
The aleurone layer, testa, and pericarp make up the bran.
18
Q
What does the alurone layer do?
A
Digests the food in endosperm reserve by secreting hydrolytic enzymes
19
Q
What is the hilum?
A
It’s the belly button, the scar left by the spot where the testa was attached to the seed
20
Q
Where do secondary adventurous roots grow from?
A
The coleoptilar node.
21
Q
What is the coleoptilar node?
A
The coleoptilar node is the node at the very base of the coleoptile
22
Q
What does it mean for monocots cotyledons to be hypogeal?
A
To be under ground. Hypo/geal = below/earth
23
Q
What does it mean for monocots cotyledons to be hypogeal?
A
To be under ground. Hypo/geal = below/earth
24
Q
What does epigeal and hypogeal mean?
A
Above ground and below ground
25
What are dicots able to be epigeal
The elongation of the hypocotyl to push the cotyledons above the the ground.
26
What are the meristems in plants
Meristems are areas where mitotic cell division occurs and allows growth
27
What are the meristems responsible for growing plant length called?
Apical meristem
28
What are the two apical meristems responsible for going up and down
Up: Shoot apical maristem (SAM)
Down: Root Apical Maristem (RAM)
29
What are three basic functions of the root system?
Absorption - absorb and conduct water and soil nutrients
Anchorage - serve as an anchor for the above ground components of the plant
Storage - in some crops, the roots act as storage.
30
In monocots, what does the primary/first root develop from?
The radicle
31
What do grasses initiate during the seedling stage to reinforce stability?
Secondary adventitious roots
32
What are secondary adventurous roots?
And roots in a monocot that cannot trace their origin back to the radicle.
33
What kind of root system do dicots form from the radicle?
Taproot system, becoming the primary root.
34
How does the taproot grow?
The taproot grows one major root directly down, with minor lateral branches emerging along the length. They are called secondary roots
35
What are the three basic functions of the stem?
Support - stem supports leaves and orients them for maximized light capture
Transport - the stem is a pathway for nutrients and water, and synthesized products of photosynthesis
Storage - stems may be modified to store stuff (potato tubers)
36
What is the node on a stem?
The point of attatchment of a leave or branch to a stem.
37
What is the axilary bud?
The buds along the stem, the top one is terminal bud
38
What is determinate growth pattern like for a plant?
The plant has a predetermined number of leaves, and stem nodes. Then it produces inflorescence. It will switch between vegetative and reproductive growth
39
What is an indeterminate growth pattern like for a plant?
No predetermined number of parts on the plant. Plants flower and produce seed while continuing to grow more flowers. Mature seeds and unopened flowers can exist on the same plant.
40
What are the three stem growth habits
Erect: straight up and down holding themselves
Prostrate: lay on the ground, think pumpkin vines
Twining: the grow up things, think beans
41
What is the stem on cereal crops called and what’s it like?
The culm, its cylindrical and usually hollow except for node joints, where its solid.
42
What is a tiller? When does it occur?
A side shoot that is produced when the axillary bud at a stem node breaks dormancy and begins to grows. Usually occurs after four or five leaves. Under favourable conditions, tillers produce flower and grain, along with the main shoot.
43
What are the basic functions of leaves?
Capture light and conduct photosynthesis
Sometimes storage, but not much
44
What is another name for the blade of a leaf?
Lamina
45
What is the petiole?
The little stem that connects the leaf to the actual stem.
46
What is it called when a leaf is attatched with no petiole?
Sessile (characteristic of most monocots)
47
What is pinnate leaf venation?
A leaf would have a central vein known as the rachis, which they would come off of, in the shape of a feather.
48
What is palmate venation?
Several main veins emerge from a central point of the leaf blade. Can be simple and compound. (Think lily pad)
49
What is a simple leaf?
Undivided blades
50
What is a compound leaf?
Subdivided blade consisting of several leaflets
51
What is a simple pinnate leaf
A single leaf blade, feather blade
52
What is a compound pinnate leaf?
Leafs consist of leaflets among the small stem. Leaflets may be sessile or petiolule.
53
What is a simple palmate leaf?
Several major veins radiate from central point.
54
What is a compound palmate leaf
Multiple leaflets radiating from a central point
55
What is a trifoliolate (or trifoliate)
Always exactly 3 leaflets
56
What is a cordate leaf shaped like?
Heart shape, with a notch at leaf base
57
Describe the deltoid shape of leaves
Equilateral triangle (flat at base of leaf)
58
Describe linear leaves
Ong and narrow with more or less parallel sides
59
Describe Lenceolate leaves
Much longer then wide, widest point of the leaf is below the middle of the blade
60
Describe ovate leafs
Egg shaped with pointed end
61
Describe “entire” leaf margins
Smooth, no fluctuation in it naturally.
62
Describe lobed leaf margins
Almost kinda wavy
63
Describe serrate leaf margins
Like a saw blade pointing towards the apex of the leaf
64
Describe Double serrate leaf margins
Serrate, but with two sizes in a pattern
65
What is alternate leaf arrangement
Only one leaf per node, they alternate the side they’re on
66
What is opposite leaf arrangement?
Two leaves at each node, on opposite sides
67
What is whorled leaf arrangement
A circular arrangement involving three or more leaves.
68
What are stipules?
emerge at base of petiole, **part of the leaf**, function as protection for emerging leaves
69
What are tendrils?
A modified leaf/leaflet of a climbing plant. Used for climbing lol
70
What do monocot leaves consist of?
Blade/lamina and sheath
71
What is the collar?
The part of the leaf sheath that encircles the stem
72
What are Ligules?
A tounge like membranous flap of tissue just inside the collar, kinda clear looking.
73
What are auricles?
Small membranous projections of the collar, like arms hugging it.
74
What is a determinate growth pattern?
Vegetative growth and flowering growth cannot occur at the same time. One waits for the other to finish before beginning
75
What is indeterminate growth?
Both vegetative and flowering growth cannot occur at the same time and at different rates. It’s possible to have a mature flower and young flower at the same time.
76
What are the female reproductive organs?
The pistil/carpel
77
What are the parts of the pistil/carp?
The stigma, style, and ovary.
78
What is the male reproductive organ of flowers?
The Stamens
79
What are the parts of the stamen?
The anther and the filament
80
What is dehiscence
The opening of the plant structure that facilitates dispersal of its contents. Pollen is shed by dehiscence
81
What is anthesis?
The process of an anther shedding its contents
82
What is pollination?
The transfer of pollen from the anther to the sticky receptive area of the stigma
83
What is fertilization?
When sperm cells from the pollen grain reach the egg cell inside the ovule and **fuse with it**
84
In what order do the parts of the flowers occur. From outside to inside.
Sepals form first
Petals form next
Stamen forms third
Carpel/pistil forms last
85
What is a sepal?
Dicots: the green leaf covers that protect the Leaves
Monocots: the sepals look like petals underneath the actual petals
86
What is the collective term for sepals?
The Calyx
87
What is the collective term for the petals?
Corolla
88
What are all the stamens called? What gender are they?
Collectively they’re called androecium. They’re male
89
What is the collective term for the pistil? What is the collective term for the carpel?
What gender are they?
The collective term for both (cause they’re the same) is Gynoecium (G for girl)
90
What does a stamen consist of?
A stalk called the **Fillament**
And the pollen bearing end called the **Anther**
91
What are the parts of the pistil/carpel?
The enlarged basin is the ovary.
The stigma, the sticky top part that receives pollen.
The part that connects these two is the style.
92
What makes a complete flower?
Having all four organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and pistol)
93
What makes an incomplete flower?
If it’s missing any of the four organs
94
What are the four organs that make up a complete flower?
Pistil, stamen, sepal, petals
95
What makes a perfect flower?
If it has both male and female reproductive parts.
96
What makes an imperfect flower?
If it only has one of the sexual organs
97
What is the plant called when it has both genders of flowers?
Monoecious
98
What is a plant called when it only has the male flower?
Staminate
99
What is a flower called when it only has the female parts?
Pistillate flower
100
What is it called when staminate and pistillate flowers appear on separate plants of the same species called?
Dioecious plant
101
What is it called when a single plant has all perfect flowers on one plant?
Synoecious plant
102
What is a single plant with a mixture of perfect and imperfect flowers called?
Polygamous plant
103
What is a spikelet?
The inflorescence in the grass family.
(the basic unit of a grass flower, consisting of **two glumes** or outer **bracts** at the base and one or more florets above.)
104
What are Glumes?
a modified leaf or scale, typically small, with a flower or flower cluster in its axil. Bracts are sometimes larger and more brightly colored than the true flower
105
What do you find encapsulated in the glumes?
At least one, but possibly more florets. Each floret can produce one seed.
106
What is the Rachilla?
The stalk that hold the florets in the spikelet.
107
What are the bracts within the floret? What do they protect?
They enclose the actual sexual part of of the flower. They’re called the lemma and Palea.
Large lemma, petit palea
108
What forms the hull of of ripened grain?
The lemma and palea
109
What are the stigmas?
Two feathery parts of the ovary which emerge from between the two bracts to receive pollen
110
How many stamens are typical of a grass floret?
3
111
What happens to the testa in grasses?
The seed grows to completely fill the ovary cavity, so that the seed coat/testa fuses to the inside of the ovary wall (pericarp), making the layers inseparable.
112
What is a caryopsis?
A dry single seeded fruit with the testa fused to the pericarp (Aka grain, from the poaceae family)
113
What are flower adaptations for wind pollinations?
Flowers clustered at top of the plant,
Abundant pollen.
114
What is spike inflorescence?
Elongated influorescence with sessile spikelet/flower attachment (meaning attached directly to rachis **it’s basically alternating sessile**
115
What is the rachis?
The central stalk running through the inflorescence and is attached at its base to the peduncle
116
What is raceme fluorescence
The same as spike inflouresence, but attach via pedicels, being the little stem like on leaves (canola produces flowers arranged in racemes)
117
Describe panicle inflorescence
Branches emerge from the central rachis, and spikelets/flowers are attatched to these branches by means of little stalks, the pedicles
118
What are pedicles?
The pedicles are like the little branches that attatch the flowers to the branch.
119
What are the two types of umbel arrangement?
Simple umbel
Compound umbel
120
What is simple umbel arrangement
A large number of pedicels arise from the same point on the peduncle
121
What is compound/double umbel?
Many small umbels are clustered at the top of a peduncle to form a single large umbel (think of dill)
122
Describe Capitulum arrangement
Many small flowers attached to a common receptacle. The capitalism may resemble one very large flower, when it’s composed of hundreds of little flowers. Think sunflowers
123
Describe Corymb arrangement.
Flat top round shape. Umbrella are all the same length, **corymb pedicles vary in length**
124
What are adaptations plants have for **Insect Pollination**
Large flowers with showy flowers
Nectaries = gland decreasing structures usually present at the base of a flower
Flower shape and scent
125
What is a fertilized ovule known as?
Embryo
126
What develops into the seed and what develops into the fruit?
Embryo —> Seed
Ovary —> Fruit
127
What is a caryopsis?
Fruit found only in grass family. Dry single seeded fruit with pericarp fused to the yesta
128
What family are legumes found in?
Fabaceae
129
What is a legume composed of?
A single carpel, it dehisces along two sutures at maturity. (Pea pod)
130
How is a silique composed?
Two carpels, Dehisces along two sutures. The fruit is divided lengthwise by false septum. Longer than it is broad. Found in mustard family (canola)
131
How is an Achene composed?
One seeded fruit, pericarp is easily separated from seed coat. Found in asteraceae. (The seed on strawberry’s are achenes)
132
What is dehiscent fruit?
The pericarp splits open at maturity and releases the seed contained. Legume and silique are examples of it. The seed is the unit of dispersal.
133
What are indehiscent fruits
The pericarp doesn’t split open at maturity. Achene and Caryopsis are examples. The fruit is the unit of dispersal.
134
What is the Genus?
The first name of binomials nomenclature
135
What is the specific epithet?
The second word in binomial nomenclature
136
What is the species name made up of?
The genus, with the specific epithet together.
137
What format should names be in for binomial nomenclature?
Genus- capitalized first letter, italicizes (type) or underlined (handwritten)
Specific epithet - no capitalization, same italicize rule
138
Describe the relationship of peduncle to rachis to fluoresces
The peduncle forms from the terminal node, (terminal node being node formed from bud at the very tip of plants.), in which one or more rachis can sprout from the Peduncle. From said rachis, multiple fluorescences may form depending on the plants flower formation.
139
Glumes vs Lemma and Palea
The glumes encapsulate the whole flower, in which multiple florets may be present. Each of these florets are encapsulated by their own set of lemma and palea
