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Plant and Soil Science > Lab Final (Plant) > Flashcards

Lab Final (Plant) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cotyledon?

A

And embryonic structure that is swollen with nutritive substances to help feed germinating seedlings within seeds.

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2
Q

What is the scutellum

A

It’s the cotyledon in a monocot, specialized for absorption of the endosperm.

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3
Q

What is unique to monocots?

A
  • One cotyledon (scutellum) per seed)
  • parallel lead Venetian
  • flower parts are in multiples of three
  • no vascular cambium
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4
Q

What is unique to dicots?

A
  • two cotyledons
  • net or branched leaf venation
  • floral parts are in multiples of four or five
  • has a vascular cambium (part responsible for growing thickness
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5
Q

What is a cereal grain?

A

Any member of the grass family grown for the harvested product of its mature seed.

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6
Q

What is the grass family’s formal scientific name?

A

Poaceae

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7
Q

Describe the radicle?

A

The radicle is the primary root in embryonic form. The radicle in monocots is protected by a structure called the coleorhiza.

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8
Q

What two things form the seminal root system? (Aka seedling root system)

A

The radicle and the lateral seminal roots that come from the node in the scutellum.

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9
Q

What is the plumule?

A

The embryonic shoot that develops into the above ground plant structure. It consists of two pre-formed leaves, and the shoot apical maristem (SAM)

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10
Q

What does the shoot apical maristem do? (SAM)

A

A small growth point between the two preformed leaves.

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11
Q

What is the coleoptile?

A

The special cover only grass plumules have. Protects the delicate leaves of the plumuke as the push through the dirt.

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12
Q

What is the cotelydon (scutellum) in a monocot?

A

Some of the food that’s been stored in the seed prior to it reaching sunlight. That food is stored in the Scutellum.

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13
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

Food stored outside the embryo but within the seed. Endosperm is highly charged with starch granules intended to supply the seedling with the carbs it needs to grow.

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14
Q

What does the fruit develop from??

A

From the ripened ovary walls of any flower.

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15
Q

What is a pericarp?

A

individual cereal grains are considered fruit, because the outermost wall is the dried ovary wall. That dried wall is the pericarp.

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16
Q

What is the testa?

A

Th a papery covering of the actual seed is the testa.

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17
Q

What makes up the bran?

A

The aleurone layer, testa, and pericarp make up the bran.

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18
Q

What does the alone layer do?

A

Digests the food in endosperm reserve by secreting hydrolytic enzymes

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19
Q

What is the hilum?

A

It’s the belly button, the scar left by the spot where the testa was attached to the seed

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20
Q

Where do secondary adventurous roots grow from?

A

The coleoptilar node.

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21
Q

What is the coleoptilar node?

A

The coleoptilar node is the node at the very base of the coleoptile

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22
Q

What does it mean for monocots cotyledons to be hypogeal?

A

To be under ground. Hypo/geal = below/earth

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23
Q

What does it mean for monocots cotyledons to be hypogeal?

A

To be under ground. Hypo/geal = below/earth

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24
Q

What does epigram and hypogeal mean?

A

Above ground and below ground

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25
Q

What are dicots able to be epigeal

A

The elongation of the hypocotyl to push the cotyledons above the the ground.

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26
Q

What are the meristems in plants

A

Meristems are areas where mitotic cell division occurs and allows growth

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27
Q

What are the meristems responsible for growing plant length called?

A

Apical meristem

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28
Q

What are the two apical meristems responsible for going up and down

A

Up: Shoot apical maristem (SAM)
Down: Root Apical Maristem (RAM)

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29
Q

What are three basic functions of the root system?

A

Absorption - absorb and conduct water and soil nutrients
Anchorage - serve as an anchor for the above ground components of the plant
Storage - in some crops, the roots act as storage.

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30
Q

In monocots, what does the primary/first root develop from?

A

The radicle

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31
Q

What do grasses initiate during the seedling stage to reinforce stability?

A

Secondary adventitious roots

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32
Q

What are secondary adventurous roots?

A

And roots in a monocot that cannot trace their origin back to the radicle.

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33
Q

What kind of root system do dicots from the radicle?

A

Taproot system, becoming the primary root.

34
Q

How does the taproot grow?

A

The taproot grows one major root directly down, with minor lateral branches emerging along the length. They are called secondary roots

35
Q

What are the three basic functions of the stem?

A

Support - stem supports leaves and orients them for maximized light capture
Transport - the stem is a pathway for nutrients and water, and synthesized products of photosynthesis
Storage - stems may be modified to store stuff (potato tubers)

36
Q

What is the node on a stem?

A

The point of attatchment of a leave or branch to a stem.

37
Q

What is the axilary bud?

A

The bud at the very top of the plant

38
Q

What is determinate growth pattern like for a plant?

A

The plant has a predetermined number of leaves, and stem nodes. Then it produces inflorescence. It will switch between vegetative and reproductive growth

39
Q

What is an indeterminate growth pattern like for a plant?

A

No predetermined number of parts on the plant. Plants flower and produce seed while continuing to grow more flowers. Mature seeds and unopened flowers can exist on the same plant.

40
Q

What are the three stem growth habits

A

Erect: straight up and down holding themselves
Prostrate: lay on the ground, think pumpkin vines
Twining: the grow up things, think beans

41
Q

What is the stem on cereal crops called and what’s it like?

A

The culm, its cylindrical and usually hollow except for node joints, where its solid.

42
Q

What is a tiller? When does it occur?

A

A side shoot that is produced when the axillary bud at a stem node breaks dormancy and begins to grows. Usually occurs after four or five leaves. Under favourable conditions, tillers produce flower and grain, along with the main shoot.

43
Q

What are the basic functions of leaves?

A

Capture light and conduct photosynthesis
Sometimes storage, but not much

44
Q

What is another name for the blade of a leaf?

A

Lamina

45
Q

What is the petiole?

A

The little stem that connects the leaf to the actual stem.

46
Q

What is it called when a leaf is attatched with no petiole?

A

Sessile (characteristic of most monocots)

47
Q

What is pinnate league venation?

A

A leaf would have a central vein known as the rachis, which they would come off of, in the shape of a feather.

48
Q

What is palmate venation?

A

Several main veins emerge from a central point of the leaf blade. Can be simple and compound. (Think lily pad)

49
Q

What is a simple leaf?

A

Undivided blades

50
Q

What is a compound leaf?

A

Subdivided blade consisting of several leaflets

51
Q

What is a simple pinnate leaf

A

A single leaf blade, feather blade

52
Q

What is a compound pinnate leaf?

A

Leafs consist of leaflets among the small stem. Leaflets may be sessile or petiolule.

53
Q

What is a simple palmate leaf?

A

Several major veins radiate from central point.

54
Q

What is a compound palmate leaf

A

Multiple leaflets radiating from a central point

55
Q

What is a trifoliolate (or trifoliate)

A

Always exactly 3 leaflets

56
Q

What is a cordate leaf shaped like?

A

Heart shape, with a notch at leaf base

57
Q

Describe the deltoid shape of leaves

A

Equilateral triangle (flat at base of leaf)

58
Q

Describe linear leaves

A

Ong and narrow with more or less parallel sides

59
Q

Describe Lenceolate leaves

A

Much longer then wide, widest point of the leaf is below the middle of the blade

60
Q

Describe ovate leafs

A

Egg shaped with pointed end

61
Q

Describe “entire” leaf margins

A

Smooth, no fluctuation in it naturally.

62
Q

Describe loved leaf margins

A

Almost kinda wavy

63
Q

Describe serrate leaf margins

A

Like a saw blade pointing towards the apex of the leaf

64
Q

Describe Double serrate leaf margins

A

Serrate, but with two sizes in a pattern

65
Q

What is alternate leaf arrangement

A

Only one leaf per node, they alternate the side they’re on

66
Q

What is opposite leaf arrangement?

A

Two leaves at each node, on opposite sides

67
Q

What is whorled leaf arrangement

A

A circular arrangement involving three or more leaves.

68
Q

What are stipules?

A

emerge at base of petiole, part of the leaf, function as protection for emerging leaves

69
Q

What are tendrils?

A

A modified leaf/leaflet of a climbing plant. Used for climbing lol

70
Q

What do monocot leaves consist of?

A

Blade/lamina and sheath

71
Q

What is the collar?

A

The part of the leaf sheath that encircles the stem

72
Q

What are Ligules?

A

A tounge like mentors flap of tissue just inside the collar, kinda clear looking.

73
Q

What are auricles?

A

Small membranous projections of the collar, like arms hugging it.

74
Q

What is a determinate growth pattern?

A

Vegetative growth and flowering growth cannot occur at the same time. One waits for the other to finish before beginning

75
Q

What is indeterminate growth?

A

Both vegetative and flowering growth cannot occur at the same time and at different rates. It’s possible to have a mature flower and young flower at the same time.

76
Q

What are the female reproductive organs?

A

The pistil/carpel

77
Q

What are the parts of the pistil/carp?

A

The stigma, style, and ovary.

78
Q

What is the male reproductive organ of flowers?

A

The Stamens

79
Q

What are the parts of the stamen?

A

The anther and the filament

80
Q

What is dehiscence

A

The opening of the plant structure that facilitates dispersal of its contents. Pollen is shed by dehiscence

81
Q

What is anthesis?

A

The process of an anther shedding its contents

82
Q

What is pollination?

A

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the sticky receptive area of the stigma

Plant and Soil Science (2 decks)

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