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The Origins > Pre-Galactic Structures > Flashcards

Pre-Galactic Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Principle of Relativity

A

the laws of physics appear identical regardless of the observer’s motion as long as they are not accelerating → all motion is relative to other objects

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2
Q

The Equivalence Principle

A

force felt in a gravitational field and an accelerating field are indistinguishable

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3
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

tendency for a physical system to evolve to a higher state of entropy (disorder)

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4
Q

Fields

A

a collection of particles that has a value at each point in time

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5
Q

Virtual Particle

A

Particles in a field interact by emitting a virtual particle (particle with a short lifespan)

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6
Q

For every particle there is an associated ____proportional to its ____

A

wave
mass

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7
Q

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

A

Impossible to determine the position and speed of a particle in a field, only the probability that it will be at a given location

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8
Q

Higgs Field

A

every particle passes through this field which gives particles their mass using Higgs Bosons

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9
Q

Quarks have_____due to_____interactions with the Higgs Field

A

large mass
strong

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10
Q

Photons have______because they____interact with the Higgs Field

A

no mass
do not

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11
Q

Electrons interact____with the higgs field and have_____mass

A

weakly
small

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12
Q

Gluon

A

Particles that use the strong force to keep quarks together

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13
Q

Protons and neutrons are made of ___ quarks

A

3

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14
Q

Matter is made of _______ and _____

A

Hadrons and Leptons

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15
Q

Hadrons are made of ____and____

A

Baryons and mesons

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16
Q

Baryons are made up of __ _____

A

3 quarks

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17
Q

Mesons are made of a ____ and a _____

A

quark and antiquark

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18
Q

Fermions

A

Have 1/2 integral spin
Leptons

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19
Q

Bosons

A

Have integral spin
Photons, gluons, Higgs

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20
Q

Gravity depends on the ___ of an object and are mediated by _____

A

mass
gravitons

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21
Q

The weak force causes ________ and is mediated by ________

A

nuclear reactions
W and Z bosons

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22
Q

Electromagnetism depends on the _____ of a particle and is mediated by _____

A

charge
photons

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23
Q

The strong force holds together the____of the____ and is mediated by______

A

atom
nucleus together
gluons

24
Q

Early Universe definition

A

no matter, only radiation and energy

25
Q

Particles and antiparticles differ in_____ and/or _____

A

charge
parity

26
Q

The universe is about_____years old

A

13.8 billion

27
Q

Evidence towards the Big Bang

A
  1. Point of singularity
  2. Cosmic Background Radiation
  3. Abundance of light elements
28
Q

Point of Singulairty
Time and 2 points

A

Before big bang
All forces were the same
Time and space had no distinction

29
Q

Planck Epoch
3 points
____epoch

A

1st
Need quantum physics to understand
All forces of nature are one
Ends once gravity separated

30
Q

Grand Unification Epoch
2 points
____epoch

A

2nd
Temperature decreases –> gravity splits
Ends once strong force separates

31
Q

Inflationary Epoch
2 points
____epoch

A

3rd
rapid expansion due to energy from separating forces
Universe size goes from proton to basketball

32
Q

Electroweak Epoch
2 points
____epoch

A

4th
Energy driving inflation releases causing temperature increase
This energy causes quark-gluon plasma to fill the universe

33
Q

Quark/Gluon Epoch
3 points
____epoch

A

5th
Electroweak splits apart
High temp –> forbids quark combination
Temp cools –> quarks combine to form the first protons and neutrons

34
Q

Hadron Epoch
2 points
____epoch

A

6th
Elastic force between quarks and gluons snaps making two quarks, which combine with other parts once energy lowers to make hadrons/antihadrons

Further temp lower –> hadrons and antihadrons collide to make protons and neutrons

35
Q

Lepton Epoch (when?)
3 points
____epoch

A

7th
1 second
Energy density lowers –> cant make hadrons so makes leptons
Leptons (electrons and positrons) collide to make photons
Temperature drop stops photon from combining so remaining electrons and positrons combine with protons and antiprotons making matter and antimatter

36
Q

Planck Time definition and number

A

10^-43 seconds
Smallest amount of time we can measure

37
Q

Elementary Particles

A

neutrons, protons, electrons, positrons, neutrinos,

38
Q

Dark Matter

A

matter that does not interact with light

39
Q

Cosmic Background Radiation

A

the free distribution of photons once the universe cooled

40
Q

Cold Dark Matter

A

consists of slow velocity particles

41
Q

Horizon Problem?

A

why microwave background radiation temperature is uniform throughout the universe? → expansion from a single point allowed even expansion of radiation

42
Q

Flatness Problem?

A

the universe should be completely flat → inflation removes any curvature space may have had with rapid expansion

43
Q

Explain the Era of Nuclei
When?

A

Photons bounced across electrons as they ionized atoms quickly –> no stable atoms could form

3 minutes after the Big Bang

44
Q

Explain the Era of Atoms
When?

A

Lower temperature lowered the energy photons had allowing nuclei to capture electrons making atoms. The universe is now transparent –> triggers the Dark Ages

380,000 years after the Big Bang

45
Q

What was the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis?

A

the era in the early universe when nucleons (protons or neutrons) combined to form light nuclei, such as deuterium, helium, and lithium

46
Q

What are the five light elements?

A

Hydrogen, helium, deuterium, lithium, and beryllium

47
Q

What are the elementary particles?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons, positrons, and neutrinos

48
Q

What changed the neutron to proton ratio from 1:6 to 1:7?

A

formation of deuterium

49
Q

Explain neutrino decoupling and neutrino background

A

once the universe cool down (1 second), neutrinos decoupled and no longer interacted with regular matter because the interaction between them and electromagnetic field slowed and could not keep up with the rate of expansion of the universe → neutrino background

50
Q

Decoupling definition

A

when particles or fields stop interacting with each other or with radiation

51
Q

What is the deuterium bottleneck?

A

due to being fragile, deuterium delayed formation of heavier elements being photons would destroy it, but cooling made photons lose energy at 3 minutes post Big Bang eventually allowing formation of heavier elements

52
Q

The precise rate of___________and the rate of________ allowed atomic nuclei to form, otherwise there would be no______

A

expansion of the universe
rate of neutron decay
life

53
Q

What was the end product of the BB nucleosynthesis?

A

75% of the mass of matter in the universe is hydrogen, 25% helium

4He, protons, neutrons, tritium (Hydrogen 3) and 3He

54
Q

There are no stable nuclei with the atomic number___

A

5

55
Q

Synthesis of elements with atomic number greater than ___ is hindered as there are no stable nuclei with atomic number ___

A

7
8

56
Q

What was discovered by Penzias and Wilson in 1965?

A

Cosmic Microwave Background

57
Q

What caused reionization (rebirth) of the universe ending the dark ages?

A

Formation of the first stars made ultraviolent light that hit atoms causing reionization

The Origins (2 decks)

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