Praxis Reading Flashcards
Phonological Awareness
“Umbrella Term” - The ability to identify and work with the units of spoken parts of words and sentences.
Includes the ability to identify and manipulate syllables, onset-rime, and phonemes.
Phonemic Awareness
Phonemic awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.
For example, being able to identify that the word ‘cat’ has three sounds (/k/ /a/ /t/) and being able to change the /k/ sound to /b/ to create the word ‘bat’ is a sign of phonemic awareness.
One of strongest predictors of reading ability in early elementary.
Digraph
A digraph is when two letters come together to make one sound.
ch, sh, th, wh ai ee
For example, in the word “chicken,” the “ch” is a digraph because the two letters make the “ch” sound.
blend
A blend is when two or more letters come together and you can hear the sound of each letter.
br, cr, tr, sl, cl, bl
“Blend is a verb – not a noun.” – Do not teach in isolation.
For example, in the word “blend,” the “bl” is a blend because you can hear both the “b” and “l” sounds.
learned word
A learned word is a word that does not follow the rules that we teach.
“they” – when you hear a, it should be an ay. In this case, it’s an ey
Floss Rule
We double the letters “l,” “f,” and “s” (or “z”) at the end of a short word after a short vowel.
For example, in the word “fluff,” the “f” is doubled.
What are the 3 levels of decoding?
Decoding
Decoding is the ability to look at written letters and figure out what words they make by sounding them out.
For example, when you see the letters “c-a-t,” you decode them to read the word “cat.”
Encoding
Encoding is the process of using letter sounds to write down words.
AKA spelling
For example, if you want to write the word “dog,” you think about the sounds “d,” “o,” and “g,” and then write the letters “d-o-g.”
What is onset?
Onset is the first sound or group of sounds in a word before the vowel.
22For example, in the word “cat,” the “c” is the onset.
What are examples of phonological awareness tasks?
- Counting words in a sentence.
- Counting syllables
- Rhyming
What are examples of phonemic awareness tasks?
- Beginning/Middle/Ending sounds in words
- Blending
- Segmenting
(These are the BIG 3 - these skills impact reading ability) - Substitution & Deletion
Blending
Blending is when you put together individual sounds to make a whole word.
For example, when you blend the sounds “b,” “a,” and “t,” you get the word “bat.”
Segmenting
Segmenting is when you break a word into its individual sounds.
For example, when you segment the word “dog,” you separate it into the sounds “d,” “o,” and “g.”
Substitution
Substitution is when you change one sound in a word to make a new word.
For example, if you change the “h” in “hat” to “c,” you get the word “cat.”
Deletion
Deletion is when you take away a sound from a word to make a new word.
For example, if you remove the “s” sound from “stop,” you get the word “top.”
What are typical decoding errors?
Sound Confusion w/ Vowel sounds
Transpositions - Look at structure of the word similar enough to mix up sounds (horse/house)
Replacing/skipping letters & words
Transposing letters (b/d reversal)
Rotations: Flip a word horizontally (p/d)
Sounding Out: Mispronouncing sounds or guessing words based on the first letter (e.g., reading “cat” as “cap”).
Blending Errors: Struggling to smoothly blend sounds together (e.g., saying “b-a-t” instead of “bat”).
Substitution: Replacing one letter or sound with another (e.g., reading “dog” as “dig”).
Omission: Leaving out letters or sounds (e.g., reading “sand” as “sad”).
Insertion: Adding extra letters or sounds (e.g., reading “play” as “platy”).
Orthographic Processing
Phonogram
WIDA Standards
Syllabication
Affix
Fluency
What are the three components of literacy?
