Praxis PLT Flashcards
Social Cognitive Theory
Social Cognitive Theory is a framework for understanding learning that emphasizes the importance of observing, modeling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others.
For example, in the classroom, a teacher might use social cognitive theory by demonstrating a math problem-solving technique while thinking aloud, allowing students to observe and then practice the technique themselves, thereby learning through observation and imitation.
Blooms Taxonomy - Remember 1
Recall facts and basic concepts.
Remember: “Can you list three things that cowboys did in their daily lives?”
Negative Punishment
Remove something desirable to decrease the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
Negative Reinforcement
Remove something undesirable to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.
Analytic Rubric
An analytic rubric is an assessment tool that breaks down student work into distinct criteria, each evaluated separately to provide a detailed, criterion-specific feedback and score.
For example, in a science project presentation, an analytic rubric might separately score aspects such as the clarity of the hypothesis (10 points), the thoroughness of the research (15 points), the accuracy of the data (15 points), the quality of the visual aids (10 points), and the effectiveness of the oral presentation (10 points).
Holistic Rubric
A holistic rubric is an assessment tool that evaluates student work as a whole based on overall quality, proficiency, or understanding, rather than through individual components or criteria.
For example, in a creative writing assignment, a holistic rubric might rate a story as “Excellent” if it engages the reader, demonstrates a strong voice, and maintains a coherent structure, without separately scoring the plot, grammar, and character development.
Developmental Rubric
A developmental rubric is an assessment tool that measures student progress by outlining stages of development or growth in specific skills or competencies over time.
For example, in a reading comprehension course, a developmental rubric might evaluate students at different levels, such as “Beginning” for identifying basic facts, “Developing” for summarizing main ideas, “Proficient” for making inferences, and “Advanced” for critically analyzing and synthesizing information from multiple texts.
Americans with Disabilities Act
The ADA was enacted in Congress in 1990. It prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities.
Validity
Most important quality of a good assessment. It is necessary that the assessment accurately measure what it was intended to measure.
Social Cognitive Perspective
The social cognitive perspective believes that learning is done through observation and is an internal process. This theory was coined by Albert Bandura.
Blooms Taxonomy - Understand 2
Explain ideas or concepts
Understand: “Why did cowboys need to move cattle from one place to another?”
Blooms Taxonomy - Apply 3
Use info in new situations.
Apply: “Can you show how a cowboy would lasso a cow using this rope?”
Blooms Taxonomy - Analyze 4
Draw connections among ideas.
Analyze: “How are the tools used by cowboys similar to and different from the tools used by farmers?”
Blooms Taxonomy - Evaluate 5
Justify a position or decision.
“Do you think being a cowboy was an easy job or a hard job? Why?”
Blooms Taxonomy - Create 6
Produce new or original work.
“Can you write a short story or draw a picture about a day in the life of a cowboy?”
Blooms Taxonomy - RUAAEC
Remember
Understand
Apply
Analyze
Evaluate
Create
Classical Conditioning
associates a naturally occurring reflex with a prior neutral stimulus.
Operant conditioning
involves learning from reinforcement or punishment.
An example is Joe, who is rewarded by hugs and smiles from the grandmother whenever he compliments her. It involves learning through engaging in behavior attached to a reward or punishment.
Behaviors that are punished are avoided, and those rewarded are repeated.
self-efficacy
associated with ALbert Bandura’s social cognitive theory, belief in ones own ability to produce desired results (what they want) through their actions
vicarious learning
Example:
Jose is in a casino. He sees his friends Amy and Sandra win money at a nearby slot machine. Amy and Sandra cheer and clap. Jose wants to feel the same excitement, so he sits down at a slot machine and begins to gamble.
Bandura’s reciprocal causation model focuses on continuous interaction between which three factors?
constructivism
the idea that students should be active in the learning process
also based on the idea that students construct their learning on past knowledge, and that reasoning plays an important role in the learning process.
Who was Jerome Bruner?
Developing ideas like scaffolding theory and the spiral curriculum, Jerome Bruner was inspired by Leo Vgotsky who stressed that social environment and interactions in learning.
Progressive Education:
Progressive education holds that children learn by doing rather than memorizing.
Dewey believed children need to interact with their environment to adapt and learn, viewing the classroom as more of a laboratory than a lecture hall.
His learner-centered approach focuses on putting the child’s activities at the forefront of curricular design.