Praxis Prep Flashcards
Includes all three flashcards from the drive. Will be adding more terms from class
Post-traumatic stress disorder
After a traumatic event, symptoms are intrusive memories, avoiding emotional triggers, emotional numbness, and arousal
Genuineness
Therapist honestly communicates emotions and experiences
Lev Vygotsky
Believed that COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IS DEPENDENT ON INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS.
Classical Conditioning
The process by which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
Term for a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Term for an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response (CR)
Term for a response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus.
Extinction
When a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response disappears.
Higher-Order Conditioning
A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus though association with an already established conditioned stimulus. May contribute to the formation of prejudices.
Watson
Recognized the implication of Pavlonian theory and founded American behaviorism. Watson believed that most fears are conditioned responses to stimuli that were originally neutral. Demonstrated that phobias can be taught (Little Albert being taught to be afraid of a rat).
OPERANT CONDITIONING
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences. Generally, responses in operant conditioning are complex and not reflexive.
B.F. Skinner
Skinner believed that people learn to act deliberately on their environments in order to bring about desired consequences. What we need to know to understand behavior are the external causes of an action and the action’s consequences. Thus, he avoided assumptions about what an organism feels.
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Correct responses after trial and errors become “stamped in” when receive satisfying effect.
Neutral Consequences
Neither increases nor decreases the probability that a behavior will recur.
Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.
Punishment
The process by which a stimulus or event weakens the response that it follows, reducing the probability of a response.
Positive Reinforcement
A procedure in which a response is followed by the presentation of, or increase in intensity of, a pleasant stimulus (thus, response becomes stronger and more likely to occur).
Negative Reinforcement
A procedure in which a response is followed by the removal, delay, or decrease in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus (thus, response becomes stronger or more likely to occur).
Positive Punishment
When a response is followed by the presentation of or increase in intensity of an unpleasant stimulus (thus, response is less likely to occur).
Brown v. Board of Education
The assignment of African-American children to separate and inferior public schools is a denial of equal protection under the 14th amendment. So, each state must provide equal educational opportunity to all children within its jurisdiction regardless of race.
Pennsylvania Assocation for Retarded Children v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1971, 1972), and Mills v. Board of Education (1972)
found that exclusion of children with handicaps from public school is a denial of equal protection. Thus, states have a duty to provide equal educational opportunities to all children regardless of race, color, national origin, native language, sex, and disability under the 14th amendment.
Procedural due process
This means that a state cannot take away life, liberty, or property rights without some sort of procedural fairness to safeguard citizens from unfair or wrongful infringement of rights.