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Praxis > Praxis PLT P-12 > Flashcards

Praxis PLT P-12 Flashcards

1
Q

What should a beginning teacher use as a reflection for professional growth?

A

Keeping a journal of successes and failures of different instructional strategies/ teaching methods.

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2
Q

The act of making/ thinking about predictions is an example of:

A

Metacognition

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3
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Being aware of one’s own thought processes.

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4
Q

Analytic rubrics:

A
  1. Allow students to better understand the criteria of an assignment and helps them understand and correct their errors.
  2. Allows teachers to consistently compare each assignment to a fixed set of standards and decreases the chance that teacher bias will effect student grades.
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5
Q

What are two benefits of analytic rubrics?

A
  1. Students get clear feedback
  2. Using an analytic rubric reduces teacher bias
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6
Q

What was Vygotsky’s theory?

A

Zone of proximal development: the distance between what a learner can do with help and independently.

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7
Q

According to Vygotsky, where should instruction begin?

A

Instruction should start where learners can perform tasks with help.

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8
Q

What was Bandura’s theory?

A

Social learning theory: observation and modeling play a primary role in how and why people learn.

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9
Q

What are the four processes of Bandura’s social learning theory?

A
  1. Attentional process: how closely will the child pay attention to the model?
  2. Retention process: how well will the child remember the model’s behavior?
  3. Production Process: how well can the child reproduce behavior?
  4. Motivational process: How motivated is the child to imitate?
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10
Q

What was Bruner’s theory of representation?

A

Learners go from tangible, action-oriented stage of learning to a symbolic and abstract stage of learning.

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11
Q

What is spiraling curriculum?

A

Spiraling curriculum is where learners build new knowledge on what they have previously learned (part of Bruner’s theory of representation)

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12
Q

What are the three stages of Bruner’s theory of representation?

A
  1. Enactive/ action stage (0-3): perceive environment solely through physical actions
  2. Iconic/ image stage (3-6): imagining/ thinking about actions without experiencing them
  3. Symbolic stage (7+): Knowledge in the form of words, symbols, music, and language
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13
Q

What was Dewey’s theory?

A

All learning occurs in a social environment/ knowledge is socially constructed based on our experience (psychological & sociological)

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14
Q

What are the five stages of Dewey’s theory?

A
  1. Experience (activity: perform/ do)
  2. Share (reactions/ observations)
  3. Process (analyze the experience)
  4. Generalize (connect to real-world experiences)
  5. Apply (what was learned to a similar situation)
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15
Q

What was Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Children’s intelligence undergoes changes as they grow.

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16
Q

What are Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor, 0-2 years old
  2. Preoperational, 2-7 years old
  3. Concrete operational, 7-11 years old
  4. Formal operational, 11+ years old

(see notebook chart with descriptions)

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17
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?

A

Focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning

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18
Q

What are the 3 stages of Kohlberg’s theory?

A
  1. Pre-conventional, 0-8, self-interest
  2. Conventional, 8-13, moral reasoning based on external ethics
  3. Post-conventional, adulthood, moral reasoning based on personal ethics
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19
Q

What is Bloom’s Taxonomy?

A

Bloom’s taxonomy is a set of three hierarchical models used for classification of educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains.

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20
Q

What are the stages of bloom’s taxonomy?

A

Least complex to most complex:
1. Remember
2. Understand
3. Apply
4. Analyze
5. Evaluate
6. Create

(see chart in notebook)

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21
Q

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a psychological theory that says humans need their most basic needs met before they can be successful in relationships, work, or school.

22
Q

What are the stages of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Most basic to most complex:
1. Physiological needs: food, water, shelter, rest
2. Safety needs:
Security, safety
3. Belongingness and love needs: intimate relationships and friends
4. Esteem needs: prestige and feeling of accomplishment
5: Self-actualization: achieving one’s full potential, including creative activities

23
Q

What is Thorndike’s theory?

A

Behavior followed by a positive consequence is more likely to be repeated.

24
Q

What is Watson’s theory?

A

Behavioristic theory of learning: understanding the influence of environment on an individual’s actions:
stimulus (instructor)–> response (learner)–> reinforcement (instructor)

25
Q

Skinner’s theory of behaviorism:

A

Reinforcement and punishment shape behavior/ individuals learn through the consequences of their actions.

26
Q

Erickson’s theory:

A

In infancy, babies learn whether or not people (especially primary caregivers) regularly satisfy basic needs. If caregivers consistently satisfy those needs, babies learn that they can trust others.

27
Q

The Americans with Disabilities Act:

A

Bars educational discrimination against “qualified individuals with disabilities”; the ADA requires educational institutions to make educational opportunities, extracurricular activities, and facilities accessible to all students.

28
Q

The individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA):

A

passed in 1990 and says elementary and secondary students with disabilities have the right to a Free Appropriate Public Education that is tailored to their individual needs.

29
Q

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is:

A

a national law that protects qualified individuals from discrimination based on their disability

30
Q

What is holistic scoring?

A

Holistic scoring judges overall quality of work on a project w/o assigning a score for each criterion as in analytic scoring.

31
Q

What is holistic scoring most often used for?

A

Holistic scoring is most often used as an end-of-course assessment where the student receives a final grade but no feedback

32
Q

Formative assessments:

A

Provide teachers with quick method of assessing students’ comprehension of material included in a lesson. Often results can be used to adjust future instruction.

33
Q

An Analytic checklist:

A

Allows the teacher to assess how students perform on a variety of facets or at different steps (monitors student success on a multi-step project)

34
Q

Norm-referenced test:

A

Determines where a student is compared to other students and discriminates based on high and low achievers

35
Q

Informal assessment:

A

Formative assessment that occurs constantly throughout instruction to provide feedback on student work. Shouldn’t be graded and happens early in the process of instruction

36
Q

Social learning is:

A

Modeling behavior

37
Q

Connectivism is where:

A

Students should combine thoughts, theories, and general info in a useful manner

38
Q

What is an example of connectivism?

A

A classroom that uses twitter with the goal of drawing global experts to the conversation.

39
Q

Cognitivism is:

A

The way we solve problems using prior knowledge

40
Q

Interdisciplinary instruction:

A

Combines multiple content areas, uses teams of teachers to plan lessons, deliver instruction, create assessments.

41
Q

Heterogeneous groups are:

A

Groups of students of varying ability levels (all students have valuable thoughts and ideas)

42
Q

Well-written goals are:

A

specific, measurable, achievable, and time-bound

43
Q

What is a program that helps first year teachers job satisfaction and commitment?

A

Mentoring programs with veteran teachers

44
Q

The primary purpose for which national and state agencies establish learning standards is to:

A

define the skills and content to be taught and the level of expected performance.

45
Q

When structuring reading groups according to student level of ability, what is the best practice?

A

Basing students’ placement on their most recent reading assessment

46
Q

Which are two benefits of using formative assessments in the classroom?

A
  1. Giving the teacher timely feedback that can be used to adjust instruction
  2. Allowing for administration with minimum preparation or planning
47
Q

Informal assessment should be used as:

A

an early indicator of a student’s level of knowledge.

48
Q

What is a criterion-referenced assessment?

A

A criterion-referenced assessment measures how well students perform against a fixed set of learning standards and returns scores as the number of correct responses rather than a ranking against peers.

49
Q

What is an example of a criterion-referenced assessment?

A

A test at the end of a textbook chapter generally measures how much of the content presented in the chapter the students learned.

50
Q

What is an example of an inviting and inclusive environment for middle school students?

A

Assigning an adult advocate to monitor each student’s academic and social development.

51
Q

According to research, professional learning communities (PLCs) are best characterized by what?

A

One of the characteristics of PLCs is the supportive and shared leadership among the teachers and school administrators. Teachers are empowered and feel supported as they share ideas and suggestions for improving student performance.

Praxis (2 decks)

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