English to Speakers of Other Languages Flashcards
aWhat is a clause?
Segment of a sentence that consists of a subject and a predicate.
What is a dependent/ subordinate clause?
It connects two independent clauses/ makes two independent clauses into one sentence. (although, because, when, though, after, even though, if, since, in order to)
What is an independent clause?
A stand alone statement or sentence.
What is a compound sentence?
Two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses, often using words like “so” and “because.”
Sociolinguistics is:
1.how language and culture connect in social contexts, how people with different social identities (gender, age, race, ethnicity, class) speak and how their speech changes in different contexts.
2. how language relates to habits, customs, and needs of a community
What is a modal auxiliary verb?
A modal auxiliary verb indicates likelihood, ability, permission request, capacity, suggestion, etc. (can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, and must)
What is a (normal) auxiliary verb?
A verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other verbs: have (has, had), do (does, did), be (am, is, are, was, were, being, been).
What is a gerund?
A verb ending in -ing that is used as a noun, either as a subject, object, or compliment. (Swimming in the ocean is risky.)
When does a sociocultural perspective on language take place?
When an individual interacts with more knowledgeable people within their zone of proximal development.
What are the different verb tenses?
- Present: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous
- Past: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous
- Future: simple, continuous, perfect, perfect continuous
(see chart in notebook for examples)
What is the historical present tense?
It conveys immediacy and urgency by marking segments of a narrative that foregrounds events.
“It’s a gorgeous August day in 1945. The war ended a few minutes ago, and everyone is celebrating by dancing in the streets!”
What does a sociolinguist study?
Social and cultural factors that influence linguistic communication.
What is coarticulation?
articulation of two or more speech sounds together so that one influences the other/ anticipatory lip rounding.
What is anticipatory lip rounding?
When the production of a segment is affected by an upcoming segment…
An example of such anticipatory coarticulation is the pre-rounding of the lips in order to utter the English sound /uw/: in the word “school” the lip rounding can be already noticed while the sounds /s/ or /k/ are still being uttered.
What is metathesis?
Transposition of sounds/ letters in a word (animal–> aminal, spaghetti–>pasghetti)
What is epenthesis?
An addition of 1+ sounds to a word, especially to the interior of the word (sport–>esport)
What is a lexical item?
A single word, part of a word, chain of words (cat, traffic light, take care of, by the way, it’s raining cats and dogs)
An adverb is:
a word that describes (Adjective) a verb. (run QUICKLY)
A modal verb is:
a verb that expresses necessity/ possibility.
For example, in the statement “you must leave,” “must” is a modal verb indicating that it’s necessary for the subject (“you”) to perform the action of the verb (“leave”).
A conjunction is:
a word used to connect clauses (and, but, if)
A preposition is:
a word governing/ preceding a noun/ pronoun and expressing a relation to another word/ element in the clause “the man ON the platform” and “she arrived AFTER dinner”
What is a minimal pair?
Words/ phrases that differ in one phonological element and have different meanings (only differ in one sound)
“car, tar”, “light, white”, and “sip, ship”
What is the difference between direct and indirect discourse?
Indirect discourse is paraphrasing, direct discourse is quoting.
What does SLA stand for?
Second Language Acquisition
What is convergence?
Strategies that people use to adapt or accommodate the other’s communication styles. (changes from formal to informal register)
Code-switching is:
A speaker alternates between two or more languages.
Hyper-correction is:
MISTAKEN correction made through desire to avoid nonstandard pronunciation/ grammar (mixing up who vs whom)
Language loss
Can be when someone loses their L1, or a family loses their L1.
(Language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker)
Extralinguistics:
not part of language/ deals with verbal contexts, identity of speaker, voice quality, pitch, loudness.
Rhetorical patterns are:
ways of organizing information–used in essay writing to organize ideas
Fossilization happens when
there is an inadequate number of learning opportunities for EL student even when the learner is immersed in ESL environment.
Negative feedback is
when an adult (usually parental or teacher) response to a child’s utterance that provides (explicit or implicit) negative evidence about its ungrammaticality.
Instrumental motivation is
Practical or pragmatic reason for language study (passing language requirement, monetary gain, better chance w/ jobs)
Social interactionist perspective:
ELs provided opportunities to construct new language through socially mediated interactions.
Psycholinguistic approach:
the “critical period” is the ideal time to acquire language
What is the critical period hypothesis?
The first few years of life is where language develops readily. Afterwards, (ages 5-puberty), language acquisition is more difficult.
Interference is
when ELs transfer features from their L1 to L2
Overgeneralization is
Applying a morphological/ syntactic/ phonetic rule to a word that is irregular
Negative washback is
when test content/ format is based on narrow definition of language ability; it restrains teaching and learning process.
Recasting is
A better alternative to negative feedback. When you repeat something back to an EL with more detailed/ more correct language.
Proxemics is
the study of how space and distance influence communication.
BICS is
Basic interpersonal communicative skills are language skills needed to interact in social situations, for example, when chatting to a friend.
CALP is
CALP = academic language Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) focuses on proficiency in academic language or language used in the classroom in the various content areas.
What was Chomsky’s theory?
Believed all languages held similar structures and rules (universal grammar)
All languages use nouns, verbs, and adjectives to convey messages.
Language Acquisition theory
says that humans are born ready to learn language
Transformational grammar is
producing new sentences with a different word order from existing ones
Finocchiaro says
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols which permits us to interact.
1. Directive: seeking help
2. imaginative: discussing stories
3. personal: expressing emotions and innermost thoughts
4. Referential: discussing post, present, and future
Cummins:
BICS and CALP
Krashen:
SLA similar to how children acquire their first language–requires meaningful interaction, natural communication, grammatical form.
Comprehensible input is:
where learners acquire language by taking in and understanding language that is “just beyond” their level
Affective filter
individuals emotions can assist/ interfere with learning a new language…classrooms need to be engaging and non-threatening.
Two-way bilingual education is
Where language minority and majority students are in a classroom where both languages are used
Interlanguage
form of language having features of another language
Second Language Acquistion says:
ELs follow a pattern of negation, starting the statement with no before an affirmative.
Natural order:
Kids learning their first language acquire grammar structures in a pre-determined “natural order” and some are earlier acquired than others.
Positive transfer is:
when the influence of L1 leads to rapid acquisition of L2.
Negative transfer is:
When influence of L1 causes errors in L2.
What is self-monitoring?
Inspecting your own speech and correcting it when something isn’t right.
What is dialectal difference?
Same language, different dialect. (American vs. British English)
The lexical approach involves:
Teaching language based on lexical units rather than grammar structures.
(words–>chunks–>fixed phrases)
The whole language approach involves:
the teacher reads a story and picks out vocab, teaches that vocab through pictures, and students learn how to read, write, and spell those words.
The universal grammar approach says:
all human languages share fundamental similarities (nouns, verbs, adjectives)
The language experience approach:
combines all four domains through student-authored texts.
ESL Pull-out programs are…
the most common and cost effective; EL teacher travels from school to school where there are a low number of EL students.
A functional-notional syllabus is
a set of materials to be learned by students of a 2nd language–uses topics that are relevant to students to teach language.
What is the structural approach?
It stresses speaking more than reading and writing; learning language through USING language, accompanied by some sort of activity.
The direct method involves:
teaching L2 WITHOUT translations and grammar but through demonstration and visuals.
(Spanish Class at Leesburg)
The natural approach involves:
understanding concepts in L2, little importance on error correction and conscious learning of grammar
Aural skills are
language as we hear it
What is a cloze activity?
A fill-in-the-blank activity.
English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs are:
specialized English classes for careers: English for aviation, tourism, etc.
The sociocultural theory is:
Culture and society’s influences on individuals.
The behaviorist theory is:
how people learn through their interactions with their environment.
The cognitive theory is:
how and what people think; children’s intelligence changes as they grow (Piaget)
The information-processing theory is:
humans receive information, process it, and store it like a computer.
An objective assessment…
has only one correct answer.
A portfolio assessment…
is a collection of student work to show growth over a specific period of time.
A subjective assessment include:
essays, portfolios, capstone projects, oral presentations, etc. Graded based on quality of student work rather than specific answers.
Holistic assessments include:
Educators using a variety of assessment methods like projects, portfolios, and observations.
Washback is
the impact of state-testing on curriculum design, teaching practices, and learning behaviors.
Benchmarking assessments are:
Assessments that measure students against institution standards and learning goals; identifies strengths and weaknesses.
Reliability is:
The extent to which the test consistently and accurately measures learning.
Norming is:
A process where faculty decides how to assess student work in a consistent way.
How do norm-referenced tests rank students?
Norm-referenced tests rank students on a “bell curve” to determine highest and lowest students.
What is the cognitive academic language learning approach (CALLA)?
An instructional program with ELLs focused on teaching English through content-bases curriculum.
The cognitive learning strategy…
improves a learner’s ability to process info more deeply and, transfer and apply information to new situations, and result in enhanced and better-retained learning.
Standard dialects are:
language variety that has a lot of codification of grammar, lexicon, and writing system.
Nonnative varieties are:
nativization: systematic changes in languages’ formal features at all linguistic levels–results from use of English in new sociocultural settings, contact with other languages and absence of native speakers.
