Praxis II Flashcards
According to the United States Census Bureau, which minority group will be the largest among school-age students in 2050?
A. African Americans
B. Native Americans
C. Asians and Pacific Islanders
D. Hispanics
Hispanics
Establishing and maintaining productive working relationships between families and schools to facilitate student learning is called
A. teacher-student collaboration
B. administrator-teacher collaboration
C. home-school collaboration
D. medical-school collaboration
C. home-school collaboration
Within a multimethod model of assessment, child interviews are most helpful for which purpose?
A. Incorporating a strength-based perspective
B. Meeting legal guidelines for a comprehensive assessment
C. Providing an accurate timeline of when the problem began and how it has changed over time
D. Establishing rapport and to better understand the child’s perspective on the issue
D. Establishing rapport and to better understand the child’s perspective on the issue
An individual or group acquires the cultural traits of a dominant group through the process of
A. deindividuation
B. assimilation
C. discrimination
D. stereotyping
assimilation
Which of the following strategies can teachers use to increase resilience in students?
Select all that apply.
A. Encouraging students to help others daily
B. Teaching that change is a normal part of life
C. Practicing working through long periods of time without taking breaks
D. Helping students develop and maintain daily routines
Encouraging students to help others daily
Teaching that change is a normal part of life
Helping students develop and maintain daily routines
The school psychologist is attending a meeting for Miguel, a kindergarten student who has been refusing to come to school. The teacher reports that when Miguel does come to school he frequently complains of not feeling well and asks to go home. Of the following options, which should be explored first and would likely result in the most favorable outcome for Miguel?
A. Contacting Miguel’s parents to discuss the problem and develop interventions
B. Initiating a report to the Division of Family and Children Services
C. Conducting a functional behavior assessment
D. Observing Miguel in the classroom
A. Contacting Miguel’s parents to discuss the problem and develop interventions
Which of the following is an example of observer drift?
A. A school psychologist is more careful about the observations he makes when being watched by a supervisor.
B. A school psychologist unintentionally changes the standards being used to code a behavior over time.
C. A school psychologist unintentionally cues a child nonverbally, which inadvertently changes the behaviors being observed.
D. A school psychologist fails to note that the device she is using to record observation data has malfunctioned.
B. A school psychologist unintentionally changes the standards being used to code a behavior over time.
Ms. Mason is a school psychologist who is new to an area with a large Haitian population. She wants to ensure that she is culturally sensitive to the Haitian American students with whom she will be working. Which of the following is the most effective way for Ms. Mason to bridge the cultural gap?
A. Visit Haiti to obtain familiarity with the children’s homeland
B. Consult with a culture broker for advice and to facilitate interaction with the community
C. Learn Haitian Creole to communicate effectively with students in their native language
D. Ask a friend from Haiti to translate in meetings with parents who do not speak English
Consult with a culture broker for advice and to facilitate interaction with the community
Competence enhancement approaches are very effective for preventing substance abuse in schools because they
A. teach generic skills for coping with life
B. provide adolescents with organized activities
C. use fear arousal techniques
D. use resistance skill training
A. teach generic skills for coping with life
All of the following types of thinking are considered specific problem-solving skills that relate to a child’s ability to adjust in everyday social situations EXCEPT
A. alternative-solutions
B. means-end
C. inconsequential
D. causal
C. inconsequential
All of the following are challenges that a school psychologist faces when assessing infants and toddlers EXCEPT
A. getting children to follow structured assessment protocols
B. having children stay on task for long periods of time
C. evaluating children who are unfamiliar with the assessing school psychologist
D. establishing behavioral objectives appropriate for such young ages
D. establishing behavioral objectives appropriate for such young ages
On a parent-support website parents of a fourth-grade student with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have found a self-management intervention that helps students manage their schoolwork. The parents ask the school psychologist if they should implement the intervention with their child. Which of the following describes the school psychologist’s best course of action?
A. Suggesting that the parents request an evaluation to determine whether their child is eligible for possible special education services
B. Telling the parents about other interventions that the psychologist has used before
C. Exploring the professional literature to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention among children with similar characteristics
D. Informing the parents that parent-support sites are not good sources of intervention programs, so they should not use material obtained from them
Exploring the professional literature to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention among children with similar characteristics
Ms. Gillem, a fifth-grade teacher, is concerned about Elizabeth, a student in her class. Elizabeth has always been an excellent student, but lately her grades have slipped slightly and she has been talking to other students during class time. Ms. Gillem tells the school psychologist that she thinks Elizabeth is bored and not challenged by the material. Which of the following is the school psychologist’s best approach to address the situation?
A. Providing short-term individual counseling to Elizabeth to determine why her behavior and grades have changed
B. Telling Ms. Gillem to set up a token economy, rewarding Elizabeth for good classroom behavior and punishing her for poor classroom behavior
C. Assessing Elizabeth with an individual intelligence test to see if she should be in a gifted-education program
D. Meeting with the principal and the other teachers who have contact with Elizabeth to try to determine what is underlying the change in her behavior
C. Assessing Elizabeth with an individual intelligence test to see if she should be in a gifted-education program
In child therapy, the primary goal of rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is to teach a child
A. to learn by observing others
B. to identify and change irrational beliefs underlying psychological difficulties
C. a reflective problem-solving approach for improving performance
D. an antagonistic behavior for inhibiting a fear response
B. to identify and change irrational beliefs underlying psychological difficulties
The cognitive ability of conservation is demonstrated by which of the following tasks?
Select all that apply.
A. A student is shown a ball of clay. A teacher flattens the ball of clay and asks the student if there is more, less, or the same amount of clay.
B. A student is shown nine squares. A teacher removes four of the squares and asks how many squares are left.
C. A student is shown two rows of pennies, with seven pennies each, evenly spaced. The teacher alters the second row so that the pennies are closer together than in the first row. The teacher asks whether there are the same number of pennies in each row.
D. A student is shown glass half full of water. A teacher pours more water in the glass and asks the student how much water is in the glass.
A & C
According to the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, when a psychologist obtains permission from parents or guardians to conduct an assessment of a child, the school psychologist is complying with which of the following principles?
A. Informed consent
B. Consultation
C. Confidentiality and appropriate disclosure of information
D. Avoidance of multiple relationships
Informed consent
Which of the following is a teaching approach that promotes high levels of academic engagement and prevents off-task and disruptive behaviors?
A. Proactive classroom management
B. Cooperative learning
C. Accommodation
D. Modification
A
The school psychologist is considering intervention options for a student who never talks during class, lunch, or recess. The teacher is having difficulty assessing the student’s knowledge. At home, the student talks in front of immediate family members when in the house only. The parents are frustrated and feel the student is purposely being defiant. Which of the following should be the psychologist’s first step to address the issue?
A. Recommending strategies aimed at reducing oppositional behavior
B. Implementing strategies aimed at reducing anxiety
C. Requesting a speech and language evaluation
D. Conducting a functional behavior analysis
B
When deciding where to focus the school district’s drop-out prevention efforts, the school psychologist should determine which students are most at risk of dropping out by
A. examining demographic information on dropouts from the annual federal report, The Condition of Education
B. identifying students who received English-language learner (ELL) services at any point in their education
C. considering student data that includes information on attendance, credits earned, and behavioral incidents
D. focusing on students who have after-school jobs
C
Third grader Jia Li is referred to the Child Study Team due to concerns regarding low work-completion rates and off-task behavior during independent work time in math. One member of the team suggests an individual behavioral intervention, and another suggests a Tier 2 math intervention. The psychologist’s best course of action is to
A. agree with the first member’s suggestion of the behavioral intervention
B. agree with the second member’s suggestion of the Tier 2 math intervention
C. ask questions about Jia Li’s academic performance in other subjects, and then conduct a learning disability evaluation to determine where else services are needed
D. ask questions about Jia Li’s behavior under various conditions, and then conduct an assessment to determine whether the problem is academic or behavioral
D
The presence of an extra copy of the twenty-first chromosome is most often associated with
A. an above average IQ but the inability to recognize faces
B. autism spectrum disorder with average cognitive function
C. extra fingers and toes
D. cognitive impairment and distinct facial characteristics
D
A student’s parents are divorced, and the mother has requested that a report of the student’s reevaluation not be sent to the father. There is no court order or written agreement between the parents limiting custody for either parent. In keeping with best practices, what should the school psychologist do first concerning the test results?
A. Invite only the student’s mother to the reevaluation meeting
B. Invite both parents to the reevaluation meeting
C. Consult with the mother about the benefits of sharing educational records with the father
D. Obtain permission from the mother first before discussing educational records with the father
C
Which of the following is true when considering the use of assistive technology to enhance learning opportunities for students with disabilities?
A. The United States Department of Education discourages universal accessibility in favor of individual accessibility.
B. Both devices and services should be considered.
C. The school district must provide the equipment.
D. The school district must provide students with aides to assist with use of the technology.
B
Which of the following seventh-grade students is demonstrating intrinsic motivation?
A. Maria studies very hard for her math test because she wants to bring up her quarterly grade.
B. Suresh reads many books in addition to those assigned for classes because he loves to read.
C. Amber tries out for the chess team because she wants to please her father, who was a chess champion as a child.
D. Julio spends extra time training for the track team because he wants his team to win the division championship.
B
Dr. Jantz, a school psychologist, is reviewing data on the number of hours that school psychologists in his school district spent in direct service over the past five years. He notes that the time spent in one-on-one contact with students nearly doubled over that time period. Which of the following are plausible explanations for the change in direct-contact hours?
Select all that apply.
A. Teachers are making more referrals because their familiarity with the school psychologists is increasing.
B. Symptoms are being identified more frequently because of training and experience among staff members.
C. Students are more likely to seek advice from their school counselor.
D. The school psychologists prefer doing one-on-one work with the students, so they are doing more of it.
A, B, D
A school district pilots a newly developed math instruction program in one of its six elementary schools in order to see if it raises student math scores. If the program is successful, the school district will begin the time-consuming process of training teachers in the remaining five elementary schools in the new program. During the pilot implementation period, teachers in the five elementary schools increase their teaching efforts using the old method so they will not have to learn the new method. The result is a significant improvement in their students’ math scores. Which of the following best explains the change in the teachers’ efforts and the increase in math scores?
A. John Henry effect
B. Halo effect
C. Confirmation bias
D.
A
Ms. Norton is a new school psychologist who is concerned that she has a weakness in the area of cultural competence. She has a few weeks free in her schedule and would like to use them to address this concern. Which of the following is the best action for Ms. Norton to take?
A. Take a foreign-language class B. Attend multicultural training C. Visit another country D. Study maps in a world atlas
B
A major advantage of standardized norm-referenced assessments, as compared to curriculum-based assessments, is that standardized norm-referenced assessments are
A. more sensitive to short-term student growth
B. more tailored to the specific curriculum
C. capable of evaluating students in terms of large groups of grade-level peers
D. informative about whether students have mastered units that are prerequisites for future work
C
An elementary school psychologist routinely consults with teachers at Tier 3 student support team meetings. In this role the school psychologist reviews student files, makes suggestions to teachers regarding interventions, and reviews student progress data from teachers. Which of the following best describes the school psychologist’s ethical obligation to parents before consulting with teachers?
A. The school psychologist must obtain written consent from parents before consulting with teachers about students.
B. The school psychologist must obtain verbal consent from parents before consulting with teachers about students.
C. There is no ethical obligation because parental consent is not required prior to the school psychologist consulting with teachers as long as parents are informed about the consultation after it is complete.
D. There is no ethical obligation because parental consent is not required as long as implementation of interventions and data collection are done by the teachers as part of instruction.
C
Which of the following capabilities is most important to Albert Bandura’s social cognitive theory?
A. Symbolization
B. Forethought
C. Self-regulation
D. Vicarious learning
D
A school psychologist has been charged with developing a school-wide intervention to address a drop in grades. To develop the plan, the school psychologist has decided to form a task force. Which of the following stakeholders are important to include on the task force?
Select all that apply.
A. Teachers
B. Reading and writing specialists
C. Students
D. Parents
All
Which of the following describes the requirements for school psychologists’ ethical use of computer-assisted scoring and interpretation programs?
A. School psychologists must choose programs that are accurate and valid, and they must exercise professional judgment in using the results.
B. School psychologists must score tests manually, but they do not have to write original interpretations of scores.
C. School psychologists must use computer-assisted scoring, and they must write original interpretations of scores.
D. School psychologists must score tests manually and write original interpretations of scores.
A
A subtest T-score of 50 on an assessment measuring intellectual ability reflects which of the following?
A. The mode of the distribution
B. The mean of the distribution
C. One standard deviation below the mean
D. One standard deviation above the mean
B
A student’s academic success and positive classroom behavior are most positively influenced by collaboration between
A. the teacher and the school psychologist
B. the home and the school
C. the principal and the student
D. the parent and the principal
B
A fourth-grade student earns scores of 77, 118, 70, 78, 123, 75, and 66 in oral reading fluency. Which of the following is the most appropriate measure of central tendency for the teacher to use when reporting the scores?
A. Mean
B. Mode
C. Median
D. Standard score
C
Susan, a first-grade student, has been referred to the school psychologist because she will not remain seated at her desk. Her teacher reports that Susan is “always getting up and walking around the room.” Which of the following observational data are relevant to this referral concern?
Select all that apply.
A. Intensity
B. Duration
C. Frequency
D. Peer comparison
B, C, D
The primary reason for evaluating a school’s entire psychology program is to
A. ensure that all school psychologists are expending their time appropriately
B. evaluate each program component and make appropriate improvements
C. make sure an adequate number of students are receiving services
D. justify the school’s expenditure on school psychologists
B
According to systems theory, if the principal of a school is replaced, the change is likely to affect each part of the system, including students, teachers, administrators, school psychologists, and other staff. The effect on the system is primarily due to
A. transference
B. the influence of conformity
C. the presence of a closed system
D. reciprocal influence
D
Ethan, a first grader, was referred for an evaluation because of frequent outbursts and other problems. Examples of his behavior include an inability to make friends in his classroom; throwing chairs; spitting on his teacher; taking items out of other students’ desks; saying, “I want to hurt someone”; tearing up his assigned schoolwork; and yelling at others. Ethan has above-average cognitive ability, average academic skills, average adaptive skills, average fine and gross motor skills, and average attention ratings from his parents and teachers. Which of the following special education eligibility categories best fits Ethan?
A. Intellectual disability
B. Orthopedic impairment
C. Speech-language impairment
D. Emotional/behavioral disorder
D
A school psychologist wants to investigate the influence of a research-based, small-group behavioral intervention on a moderately sized middle school of 1,500 students. The psychologist uses race/ethnicity, free lunch status, gender, and three academic performance categories based on state test results to select a stratified random sample of students who might benefit from the intervention. The plan is to use a well-researched behavioral measure before and after conducting the intervention. Which of the following is true about the validity of the study?
A. The internal and external validity are strong.
B. The internal validity is strong, but the external validity is not, because the students attending the school next year may behave differently than those in the study do.
C. The external validity is strong, but the internal validity is not, because changes that occur over the course of the intervention cannot be attributed solely to the intervention.
D. The internal and external validity are weak.
C
The first step in planning program evaluation in a school setting is to describe
A. a framework that links organizational needs with specific actions taken to obtain outcomes
B. the problem identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and plan evaluation phases
C. the theoretical framework that underlies any problem-solving strategies used
D. the logical steps required to communicate evaluation results with relevant school and district administrators
A
Which of the following represents a universal intervention strategy used to prevent violent and destructive behavior in school?
A. Effective academic instruction
B. Wraparound services
C. Individual counseling for externalizing behaviors
D. Contingency contracts
A
Which of the following are indirect behavior assessments?
Select all that apply.
A. Peer ratings
B. Parent ratings
C. Self-monitoring measures
D. Functional assessment interviews
A, B, D
In which of the following ways do cultural brokers tend to differ from community liaisons?
A. They are members of a particular culture.
B. They are egocentric in most cases.
C. They are perceived to have less knowledge of a particular culture.
D. They are likely to be culturally encapsulated.
A
School climate is best determined by
A. ethical codes, laws, and legal cases related to the rights of students
B. students’ perceptions of physical safety, social acceptance, and school expectations
C. the theoretical model used to deliver services
D. the compensation structure for school employees
B
Michael, an eighth grader with behavioral and academic problems, was referred for a special education evaluation. He attended school in a country with a very different culture before transferring to his current school two years ago. Family background information indicates that Michael experienced multiple school transitions and family turmoil. He has been receiving English-language learner (ELL) services. The best initial course of action for working with Michael is to
A. discontinue ELL services because of Michael’s lack of progress in developing academic skills
B. complete a comprehensive psychoeducational evaluation to determine Michael’s eligibility for special education services
C. proceed with special education placement based upon the nature and severity of Michael’s problems
D. connect Michael with a culture broker who can serve as a mentor as well as a liaison between the home and school
D
Jacob is a third-grade student diagnosed with a specific learning disability and a language impairment. He attends math, science, and social studies classes in the regular education classroom but goes to reading and spelling in a special education classroom. Jacob’s placement most reflects the use of
A. seclusion
B. restraint
C. the least restrictive environment
D. negative reinforcement
C
Of the following, the primary problem associated with the use of local norms in evaluating a program is that
A. the practice increases the problem of teaching toward the test
B. local standards of performance may be confused with nationally acceptable standards
C. they cannot provide a database for comparison of student test scores
D. their use may increase the likelihood of bias toward local students
B
Which of the following interventions is most effective at facilitating the education of gifted students?
A. Using of heterogeneous grouping to allow gifted students to strengthen social skills as well as to grow academically
B. Assigning independent research projects within the framework of the curriculum
C. Implementing cooperative learning to encourage gifted students to work up to their ability
D. Providing acceleration for gifted students, especially within the areas of their interests and skills
D
Assessments that evaluate each student in relation to a reference group, usually composed of students of the same age and gender, are known as which of the following kinds of instruments?
A. Developmental
B. Adaptive
C. Functional-behavioral
D. Normative-developmental
D
Which of the following are basic assumptions of family systems theory?
Select all that apply.
A. Children typically become more dependent on other family members as they age.
B. Family members’ personalities are not fixed; rather, behavior changes as a reaction to contextual cues.
C. An event that affects one family member either directly or indirectly affects the other members.
D. Biological traits that determine personality tend to run in families.
B, C
Jay is shy and often fails to initiate interaction with same-aged peers. The long-term goal for Jay is to increase the number of peer interactions. The school psychologist wishes to assist in achievement of this goal by breaking the problem down into a number of subordinate objectives, such as reducing the number of fear responses when Jay is with other children. This is an example of which of the following types of consultation model?
A. Clinical
B. Behavioral
C. Organizational
D. Collaborative
B
Which of the following is true regarding the mental health consultation model?
A. It includes consultee-centered consultation with school staff to enhance the academic achievement of students.
B. It emphasizes the consultant helping the consultee or client see how his or her thoughts or feelings affect the situation.
C. It emphasizes the consultant having formal administrative or supervisory authority over the consultee.
D. It defines consultation as a problem-solving process with clearly specified objectives and a client-centered focus.
B
Kelly is being evaluated for a potential speech and language problem. She is given an intelligence test and performs in the average range (45th–55th percentile) on all major scales and subscores. Selected subtests of the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing®–Second Edition (CTOPP–2®) are also administered to Kelly, and she earns the following scaled scores:
Elision 8 Blending Words 7 Sound Matching 8 Rapid Digit Naming 12 Rapid Letter Naming 11 Question: Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between Kelly's overall ability and her phonological processing skills?
A. They are significantly weaker than her overall cognitive ability.
B. They are significantly stronger than her overall cognitive ability.
C. They are commensurate with her overall cognitive ability.
D. No conclusions can be drawn about them because the administered tests use different scales.
C
As a member of the school’s crisis intervention team, the school psychologist informs the other team members that students most likely to experience traumatic stress reactions after a school-associated crisis are those who
A. were in closest physical proximity to the crisis event
B. were absent from school during the time of the crisis
C. meet criteria for emotional disturbance
D. have good social support systems
A
Which of the following describes a way that a school psychologist can promote social justice?
Select all that apply.
A. Advocating to keep school computer laboratories open after school for student use
B. Avoiding placement of students from low socioeconomic backgrounds in special education classes
C. Administering tests to English-language learners without interpreters
D. Seeking community contributions of school supplies for students in need
A, D
