Praxis II 0041 TOUGH Flashcards
Metaphor
Figure of speech containing an implied comparison in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one purpose is applied to another which is not literally applicable. Type of figurative language.
Reader-Response Critical Approach
Focus on reader and the reading process. Reader responds to text personally. Rejects idea of fixed meaning of the literature.
Postmodern Period
1945-…: T.S. Eliot, George Bernard Shaw, Toni Morrison
Modern Period
1914-1945: W.B. Yeats, Virginia Woolfe in England. Robert Frost, Hemingway, Gertrude Stein and Faulkner in America. Harlem Renaissance.
Confession
One character reveals thoughts and ideas. This particular character is a round character, whom the reader knows in detail.
Existentialism
Movement in literature emphasized individual existence, freedom, and choice and influenced writers in the 19th & 20th centuries. Contend that there is no objective, rational basis for moral choice.
Biographical Criticism
Uses knowledge of the author’s life experiences to gain a better understanding of the writer’s work.
Surrealism
Movement in literature of the 20th century. Includes suprise, unexpected contrasts, non sequitor. Paris in the 1920s. Authors aimed to free people from what they saw as false rationality and restrictive customs and structures. Aligned with communism and anarchism. Fitzgerald and Stein
Modernism
Movement in literature associated with 1st decades of 20th century. Describes content and form of a work or aspect alone. Features experimentation and the realization that knowledge is not absolute. Loss of tradition and dominance of technology. Einstein, Planck, and Freud.
Symbolism
Movement in Literature in the last 20 years of the 19th century. Started in France. Poetic expression of personal emotion. Used unique symbols the poet identified with.
Realism
Movement in literature in the 19th century. Is a reaction to Romanticism. Novel is the popular form of literature and embraces true-to-life approach to subject matter. Focus on every day life. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky.
Romanticism
Movement in literature in 18th and 19th century. Emphasizes imagination, fancy, and freedom, emotion, wildness, beauty of natural world, the rights of the individual, nobility of common man and the pluses of pastoral life. Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley.
Cultural Criticism
Focuses on the historical, social, and economic contexts of a work.
Feminist Criticism
Seeks to correct or to supplement what is regarded as a predominantly male-dominant critical perspective with a femal consciousness. Understanding literature from women’s point of view.
Textual Criticism
2 main processes: RECENSION-selection of only the most trustworthy evidence on which to base a text and EMENDATION-is the effort to eliminate all the erros found in even the best manuscripts
Historical Criticism
Uses history to understand a literary work more clearly. Looks at social and intellectual currents in which the author wrote.
Literary Criticism
Defines, classifies, analyzes, interprets, and evaluates works of literature.
Activating prior knowledge
Readers pay more attention when they relate. They naturally bring their prior knowledge and experience. Comprehend better when making connections between text, their lives, and larger world. as a cueing system: good readers will try to fit the reading with what they already know before, during, and after they read.
Comprehension
Skills that include the ability to identify supporting details and facts, the main idea or essential message, the author’s purpose, fact and opinion, POV, inference, the conclusion and other information.
Shared Inquiry Approach
Involves leader and a group. Participants are guided in reaching their own interpretation of the text.
Creative Comprehension
Readers respond-often emotionally-to something they are reading. The student may reply to a story by stating another way to handle the situation.
Critical Comprehension
One of the highest of levels of understanding. Requires reading and thinking beyond lines. Indicating if text is true, false, fact, opinion, propaganda, and stereotyping.
Interpretive/Inferential Comprehension
2nd level of understanding. Requires the student to read between the lines.
Literal Comprehension
Lowest level of understaniding, involves reading the lines. Being able to recall detail or paraphrase.
Figurative Language
Use of language that encourages the reader to think about the text.
The Natural Order Hypothesis
Natural Order to the way 2nd Lang. learners acquire target Lang.1. Produce single words, 2. String words together based on meaning, 3. begin to identify elements that begin and end sentences, 4. begin to identify different elements within sentences and can rearrange to produce questions.
The Monitor Hypothesis
How acquired system is affected by the learned system. (Grammar, syntax, editing, etc.)
The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
Acquired system: unconscious aspect. Concerned with communicating meaning. Learned system- Formal instruction
Components of 2nd Language Acquisition Theory
AMNIA - Acquisition-Learning Hyp., Monitor Hyp., Natural Order Hyp., Input Hyp., Affective Filter Hyp.
Expressive Language
Communicating through speaking, writing, or gesturing. Involves word retrieval, rules of grammar, word and sentence structure, and word meaning.
Cognitive Language
Received, processed into memory, integrated with knowledge already integrated, and made a part of the knowledge of the individual from which new ideas and concepts can be generated.
Receptive Language
Language that is spoken or written by others and received by an individual that is listening or reading. Understanding takes place.
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Describes external factors that can act as a filter that impedes acquisition. Include: Motivation, self-confidence, high level anxiety.
Input Hypothesis
Like natural order. Cannot learn step 2 without receiving step 2 information
Synthesizing Information
Involves combining new information with existing knowledge to form an original idea or interpretation. Can change the way a reader thinks.
Determining Important Ideas
Thoughtful Readers grasp essential ideas and important information when reading. Readers must differentiate between less important ideas and key ideas that are central to the meaning of the text.
Sestina
French form of poetry, 6 stantzas of 6 lines
Villanelle
Courtly love poem from Medieval era. 5 three line stanzas (tercets) Rhyme: aba, then a 4 line stanza (a quatrain) rhyme: abaa
Petrarchan Sonnet
Italian: 2 types octave has eight lines and sestet has six lines. octave rhymes: abbaabba-cdecde
Shakespearean Sonnet
Lines organized in 3 groups of 4 lines and 2 rhyming lines scheme: abab cdcd efef - gg
Episodic Plot
Features individual chapters or episodes that are related to each other but each of which is a story unto itself.
Carolingian Renaissance
800-850CE: Texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, and the like. marks the setting of viking sagas.
The Enlightenment/Neoclassical Period
1660-1790: Increased influence of classical literature increased reverence for logic, avid disdain for superstition. Backlash against puritanism. American Revolution.
Restoration Period
1660-1700: British King’s restoration to throne-post puritanism. John Locke, Aphra Behn
Augustan Age
1700-1750: Imitation of Virgil and Horace. Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. Voltaire in France
Commonwealth/Puritan Interregnum
1649-1660: Under Oliver Cromwell’s Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write; other writers of the period include Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne
Caroline Age
1625-1649: John Milton, Geroge Herbert, Charles I and his Cavaliers
Jacobean Period
1603-1625: Later Shakespeare works.
Elizabethan Period
1558-1603: Elizabeth I saves England from Spanish invasion and domestic squabbles. Shakespeare, Marlowe, Thomas Kyd
Early Tudor Period
1485-1558: War of Roses ends and Henry VII claims throne in England. Martin Luther splits from Catholic Church = emergence of protestantism. Followed by Henry VIII’s Anglican schism = Protestant England
The Renaissance and Reformation
1485-1660
Late/High Medieval Period
1200-1485: Tumultuous period with Chaucer, Pearl Poet, Langland in England and Petrarch and Dante in Italy
Middle English Period
1066-1450: End of Anglo-Saxon higerarchy. Emergence of 12th century Renaissance (1100-120) French chivalric texts emerge
Rhythm
Flow or cadence of words that create mood or feeling in the reader.
Homeric Period or Heroic Period
1200-800BCE: Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer’s THE ILLIAD and THE ODYSSEY. This is a chaotic period of warrior princes, wandering sea traders, and fierce pirates.
Classical Greek Period
800-200BCE: Greek writers, playwrights, and philsophers such as Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and Sophocles all make their mark. 499-400BCE = Golden Period in Greece
Classical Roman Period
200BCE - 455CE: Greece’s culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in 146 CE. Ovid, Horace, and Virgil
Patristic Perido
70-455CE: Early Christian writings. St. Augustine and St. Jerome. Jerome compiles the Bible.
Medieval Period
455CE-1485CE
Old English/Anglo-Saxon Period
428-1066CE: “Dark Ages” Rome falls and barbarians move in to Europe. Beowulf.
Classical Period
1200BCE-455CE
Anapest
Is a foot consisting of 3 syllables in which the 1st two are short and the final is long.
Trochee
A foot that has 2 syllables in which the 1st is long and the second is short.
Dactyl
A foot of 3 syllables in which the first is long and the last two are short
Foot
Is the basic measuring unit in a line of poetry and each of these unstressed-stressed syllable pairs is called an iambic foot.
Limericks
5 lines Rhyme aabba
Alliteration
The repetition of initial sounds in two or more words in a sentence or phrase.
1st Person POV
Story unfolds through the eyes of one character. Account May be biased by character telling the story (I, Me, My)
Objective POV
Writer tells the happenings without voicing an opinion. Never reveals what characters think or feel.
Limited omniscient POV
Narrator does not share all the information about all the characters or all the events with the reader.
