Praxis II 0041 Flashcards
Activating Prior Knowledge
Readers pay more attention when they relate. They naturally bring their prior knowledge and experience. Comprehend better when making connections between text, their lives, and larger world.
Romantic Period
1790-1830: Writers write about nature, imagination, and individuality. Blake, Keats, Shelley, Goeth. American Transcendentalist: Emmerson and Thoreau.
Victorian Period & 19th Century
1832-1901: Sentimental novels. Elizabeth Browning, A.L. Tennyson, Matthew Arnold, Dickens, and Bronte Sisters. Naturalist: Stephen Crane
Predicting or Asking Questions
Questioning is the strategy that keeps readers engaged. When readers ask questions, even before they read, they clarify understanding and forge ahead to make meaning asking questions is at the heart of thoughtful reading.
Age of Johnson
1750-1790: Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, and Edward Gibbon. American Colonial Period (Ben franklin, jefferson, paine)
Visualizing
Active readers create visual images based on the words they read in the text. These created pictures enhance their understanding.
Drawing Inferences
Inferring occurs when the readers take what they know, garner clues from the text, and think ahead to make a judgment, discern a theme, or speculate about what is to come.
Repairing Understanding
If confusion disrupts meaning, readers need to stop and clarify their understanding. Readers may use a variety of strategies to “fix up” comprehension when meaning goes awry.
Confirming
As students read and after they read, they can confirm the predictions they originally made. There is no wrong answer. Determining whether a prediction is correct is a goal.
Using Parts of a Book
Students should use book parts such as charts, diagrams, indexes, and TOC to improve their understanding of a reading.
Reflecting
An important strategy is for students to think about or reflect on what they read.
Cueing Systems
Cueing systems help increase comprehension: 1. Semantics, 2. Syntax, 3. Activating prior knowledge
Semantics
Cueing system, is same as context. As students read they can guess at words they do not know by considering the rest of the passage.
Syntax
Cueing system: the english language restricts the order of words in a meaningful sentence. if readers consdier both syntax and semantics they can make better educated guesses about unknown words.
Activating Prior knowledge
Cueing System: Good readers will try to fit the reading with what they already know before, during, and after they read.
Metacognition
Vital component of reading that calls for critical thinking or “thinking about thinking”
Miscue Analysis
Process of assessing the strategies that students use in their reading. When students read inaccurately
Comprehension
Skills that include the ability to identify supporting details and facts, the main idea or essential message, the author’s purpose, fact and oppinion, POV, inference, the conclusion, and other information.
Traditional Literature
Includes ancient stories, and it has a set form. Previously orally passed down, then recorded by Grimm or consider Greek tales as well
Modern Literature
More recent literature occasionally overlaps with traditional literature.
Parable
A story that is realistic and has a moral. It is didactic (teaches a lesson). Examples include biblical tales like the prodigal son and the good samaritan.
Fable
Is a non realistic story with a moral.Often has animals as main characters. Aesop, a greek slave (600BCE) is often associated with the fable. Ex. include “the fox & the Crane” it’s a type of traditional lit
Fairy Tales
Do not necessarily include fairies. Key characteristic is magic. Follows a certain pattern and presents an “ideal” to reader. Cinderella, Snowhite, Rapunzel convey message about the “proper” woman. Type of traditional lit.
Magic Three
Frequent feature of fairy tale (trinity)
Stereotyping
Characteristic of fairy tale (evil stepmother, handsome prince etc)
Folktales
are told in language of the people do not necessarily promote moral. often told just for entertainment.
Noodlehead stories
Type of humorous folktale. Has characters that reader/listener can outsmart, make listener feel superior.
Myths
Stories disigned to explain things that the teller does not understand. Greek, roman, and norse myths explain thunder sun, and earthqueakes
Legends
Legends are stories (exaggerated) about real people, places and things.
Romanticism
Movement in Lit. 18th and 19th Century in Germany. England, to europe. Emphasizes imagination, fancy, and freedom, emotion, wildness, beauty of natural world, the rights of individual, nobility of common man and the pluses of pastoral life. Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley
Realism
Movement in lit: 19th century reaction to romanticism. Embraces true to life approach to subject matter and focus on everyday life
Symbolism
Movement in lit: last 20 years of 19th century. Poetic expression of personal emotion figured strongly in the movement. Used unique symbols the poet identified with.
Modernism
Movement in lit: Associated with 1st decades of 20th century. describes content and form of a work or aspect alone. features experimentation and the realization that knowledge is not absolute. loss of tradition and dominance of technology. Einstein, Planck and Freud.
Surrealism
Movement in lit: 20th century includes surprise, unexpected contrasts, non sequitor, Paris in the 20s Authors aimed to free people from what they saw as false rationality and restrictive customs and structures. Aligned with communism and anarchism
Existentialism
Movement in lit: emphasized individual existence, freedom, and choice and influenced writers in 19th & 20th century. Contend that there is no objective, rational basis for moral choice.
Novels
Recount realistic stories that really could happen or could have happened
Romance
Presents an idealized view of life in which the characters, setting, and action are better than what one would really experience. Includes love story always fantasy
Confession
One character reveals thoughts and ideas. This particular character is a round character, whom the reader knows in detail.
Menippean Satire
Allows reader to see the world through the eyes of anohter.
Tone
reveals author’s attitude toward the writing, the reader, the subject and/or the people, places, and events in a work
Figurative Language
Use of language that encourages the reader to think about the text
Literal Comprehension
Lowest level of understanding, involves reading the lines; being able to recall detail or paraphrasing.
Interpretive or Inferential Comprehension
2nd level of understanding. Requires the student to read between the lines
Critical Comprehension
One of the highest of levels of understanding requires reading and thinking beyond lines. indicating if text is true/false, fact/opinion, propaganda, stereotypes.
Creative comprehension
readers respond often emotionally to something they are reading. the student may reply to a story by stating another way to handle the situation.
Story mapping
webbing the plot and other elements of the story.
Receptive Language
Language that is spoken or written by others and recieved by an individual that is listening or reading. understanding takes place.
Cognitive language
Received, processed into memory, integrated with knowledge already integrated, and made a part of the knowledge of the individual from which new ideas and concepts can be generated.
Expressive Language
Communication through speaking, writing, or gesturing. Involves word retrieval, rules of grammar, word and sentence structure, and word meaning.
Components of 2nd Language Acquisition Theory
AMNIA: Acquisition-learning hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, natural order hyp, input hyp, affective filter hyp
The Acquisition-learning hypothesis
Acquired system - unconscious aspect. concerned with communicating meaning (learning native language/daily interatction). Learned system formal instruction
The Monitor Hypothesis
How acquired system is affected by the learned system (grammar, syntax, editing, etc. )
The Natural Order Hypothesis
Natural order to the way 2nd language leanrers acquire target language. 1. Produce single words, 2. string words together based on meaning, 3. they begin to identify elements that begin and end sentences, 4. begin to identify different elements within sentences and can rearrange them to produce questions
Modern Period
1914-1945: W.B. Yeats, birginia woolf. in America: Rob Frost and Stein, and Faulkner, and Fitzgerald
Postmodern Period
1945-…: T.S. Eliot, George Bernard Shaw, Toni MOrrison
Reader-Response Critical Approach
Focus on reader and the reading process. Reader responds to text personally. Rejects idea of fixed meaning of the literature.
Shared Inquiry Approach
like a grad.seminar. Leader based discussion. participants are guided in reaching their own interpretation of the writing.
Literary Criticism
Defines, Classifies, analyzes, interprets, and evaluates works of literature
Historical Criticism
Uses history to understand a literary work more clearly.
Textual criticism
2 Main Processes: Recension - selection of only the most trustworthy evidence on which to base a text.
Emendation - the effort to eliminate all the errors found in even the best manuscripts.
Feminist Criticism
Seeks to correct or to supplement what is regarded as a predominantly male dominant critical perspective with a female consciousness.
Biographical criticism
uses knowledge of the author’s life experiences to gain a better understanding of the writer’s work
Cultural criticism
Focuses on the historical social and economic contexts of a work.
simile
Uses like, than, or as to draw comparison between two dissimilar things. Brings imagery to mind of reader, requires the reader to think and adds information to description
Metaphor
Figure of speech containing an implied comparison in which a word or phrase oridinarily and primarily used for one purpose is applied to another which is not literally applicable.
Analogy
A comparison of one thing to another thing
Personification
The attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects
Cliches
Phrases that have become meaningless because of their frequent use. Writer uses to make character appear shallow or dumb.
Allusion
Is a reference to a historical, literary, or otherwise generally familiar character or event that helps make an idea understandable.
Diction
Author’s choice of words
Voice
Term that descrives a writer’s individual writing style and combines an author’s use of dialogue, diction, alliteration, and other devices within the body of text
Omniscient POV
Narrator knows all about the characters and the actions and shares this information with the audience.
Limited Omniscient POV
Narrator does not share all the information abnout all the characters or all the events with the readers
Objective POV
Writer tells the happenings without voicing an opinion. Never reveals what characters think or feel
1st person singular POV
Story unfolds through the eyes of one character. Account may be biased by character telling story “I, me, my”
Second Person POV
Employs “you” Poses problem because no one knows who “you” is
Third Person POV
Narrator does not participate in the action “he,she,it” Narrator can reveal thoughts and actions of characters
Denotation
saying precisely what you mean
Connotation
Impression or feeling a word gives beyond its exact meaning
Alliteration
The repetition of initial sounds in two or more words in a sentence or phrase
Epigram
Short poem with clever twist at the end. Ben Franklin. Closed form
Limericks
5 lines closed form rhyme: aabba
Slant Rhyme
Half rhyme or off rhyme. Not a perfect rhyme; used to surprise or disappoint reader
Masculine Rhyme
Typically uses one-syllable words to give a feeling of strength or impact
Feminine Rhyme
May use a rhyme of 2 or more syllables. The stress does not fall upon the final syllable as it does in a masculine Rhyme form. Gives feeling of soft and light.
Unrhymed verse
is a free verse pattern without rhyme or rhythm.
Blank Verse
Is unrhyumed, but as rhythm. it is closed form and has to be in iambic pentamerter
Iambic pentameter
A poetry meter in which each line contains 5 measures of one unstressed and one stressed syllable.
Foot
Is the basic measuring unit in a line of poetry, and each of these unstressed-stressed syllable pairs is called an iambic foot.
Anapest
Is a foot consisting of 3 syllables in which the 1st 2 are short or unstressed and the final one is long or stressed
Trochee
A foot that has 2 syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the second is short and unstressed
Dactyle
a foot of 3 syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the next 2 are short
Rhyme in open form poems
There may be a rhyme, but if there is, the rhyme may have “slipped in” without formal pattern
Classical Period
1200BCE-455CE:
Homeric Period or Heroic Period
1200-800BCE Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer’s the Iliad and the Odyssey. This is a chaotic period of warrior princes, wandering sea traders, and fierce pirates
Classical Greek Period
800-200BCE: Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, Euripides, and Sophocles all make their mark. 499-400 = Golden Period in Greece
Classical Roman Period
200BCE-455CE: Greece’s culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conqures Greece in 146 CE Plautus and Terence (plays) Ovid, Horace, and Virgil
Patristic Period
70-455 CE Early Christian Writings St. Augustine and Jerome. Jerome compiles the bible
Medieval Period
455 - 1485 CE
Old English (Anglo-Saxon) Period
428-1066 CE: “Dark Ages” Rome galls and barbarians move in to eaurope Beowulf, the wanderer, and the seafarer
Rhythm
Flow or cadence of words that create mood or feeling in the reader
Imagery
Descriptive language designed to create a mental image for the reader of the smells, feelings, sounds, or sights of a person, place, thing, or event.
Hyperbole
Is an exaggeration; it describes something - or someone- as larger or more important than is the case.
Understatement
Underplays something and presents it to be less significant than is actually true
Word Play
Playful, creative use of words for a witty effect
Symbolism
Use of one person, place, or thing to represent another. Loss of animal = death of childhood
Plot
Plot is essentially the story line - the element that keeps the reader interested
Order of Plot
Events of plot may occur in chonological or random order (flashback)
Suspense
State of uncertainty or not knowing (cliffhangers ex)
Foreshadowing
A character or event gives a clue or a hint as to what will occur in future action
Sensationalism
Use of emotionally charged words, expressions, or events in order to provoke a strong reaction in the reader
Climax
Highest point of interest in a book or story; the climax is the point at which the reader says “ah-hah!”
Denouement
Ending of a book
Progressive plot
Requires one to read the entire book or story to find answers to questions in the plot
Episodic Plot
Features individual chapters or episodes that are related to each other but each of which is a story unto itself
Open form poems
(free verse) Poet doesnt have to follow structure rules
Closed-form poem
Poet adheres to form, number of lines, rhyme scheme, meter, and shape
Sonnet
Closed Form. 14 lines; 2 kinds: Petrarchan and Shakespearean (italian and English
Petrarchan Sonnet
2 types : octave - 8 lines and sestet- 6 lines. Typical rhyme scheme (abbaabba-cdecde (sestet varies)
Shakespearean Sonnet
Lines organized in 3 groups of 4 lines (quatrains and 2 rhyming lines a couplet) Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef - gg
Villanelle
Courtly love poem from medieval era. 5 3 line stanzas (tercets) Rhyme: aba, then a 4 line stanza (a quatrain) Rhyme: abaa
Sestina
French form of poetry 6 stanzas of 6 lines
Couplet
2 line stanza written in iambic pentameter
Epic
Story poem that is vast in length, that is written with dignified language, that celebrates the achievements of a hero (illiad or aeneid)
Ballads
Stories in song. 14th and 15th century centered on love/hate; lust/murder; knights/supernatural. Stanza with 4 lines, rhyme: ab cb lines 1 and 3 have 8 syllables; lines 2 : 4 have 6.
Lyric
Moves listener/reader from story of ballad to emotion
Determining Important Ideas
Thoughtful readers grasp essential ideas and important information when reading. Readers must differentiate between less important ideas and key ideas that are central to the meaning of the text.
Synthesizing information
Involves combining new information with existing knowledge to form an original idea or interpretation can change the way reader thinks
Ode
longer than elegy - still a type of lyric. Gives praise rather than laments
Elegy
Type of lyric; lament for someone or something such as love or idea
Input Hypothesis
Like natural order (can’t learn step 2 without receiving step 2 information)
Literary Ballads
Post oral tradition, more closed than traditional ballad
Onomatopoeia
Stylistic device in which the sound of the word imitates the sound it represents (pow, bop, bang”
Assonance
Repetition of vowel sounds
Consonance
involves sounds of words; is the repetition of consonant sounds especially at the end of stressed syllables
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Descrives external factors that can act as a filter that immpedes acquisition. Includes motivation, self-confidence, high level anxiety.
Carolingian Renaissance
800-850 CE: Texts include early medieval grammars, encyclopedias, and the like. In Northern Europe, this time period marks the setting of Viking Sagas
Middle English Period
1066- 1450 End of Anglo-Saxon Hierarchy. Emergence of 12th century renaissance (1100-1200) French chivalric texts emerge
Late/high Medieval Period
1200-1485 Tumultuous period chaucer, perl poet, langland as well as petrarch, dante, in Italy
The Renaissance and Reformation
1485-1660
Early Tudor Period
1485-1558 War of Roses ends and Henry VII claims throne in England. Martin Luther splits from Catholic church = emergence of protestantism followed by Henry VIII’s Anglican schism = Protestant England
Elizabethan Period
1558-1603 Elizabeth I saves England from Spanish Invasion and domestic squabbles. Shakespeare, marloe, and thomas kyd
Jacobean Period
1603 - 1625 Later Shakespear works with ben johnson and john donne
Caroline Age
1625-1649John Milton and George Herbert Charles I and his Cavaliers
Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interpregnum
1649-1660: Under Oliver Cromwell’s puritan dictatorship, john milton continues to write; other writers of the period include Andrew Marvell and Sir Thomas Browne
The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period
1660-1790 Increased influence of classical literature increased reverence for logic and disdain for superstition. Deism, backlash against puritanism, american revolution
Restoration Period
1660-1700: British King’s restoration to throne - post puritanism (John dryden, john locke, Aphra Behn)
Augustan Age
1700-1750 imitation of virgil and horace Jonathan swift, alexander pope and volaire in france
