Praxis ESL Concepts Flashcards
Acculturation
(U-curve Hypothesis: Honeymoon, Hostility, Humor, Home) The process by which an individual adapts to a new culture.
Affective filter
The affective filter controls how much input the learner comes in contact with, and how much of that input is converted into learning. It is sometimes compared to a defense mechanism because it negatively impacts the learner’s motivation, self-confidence, or anxiety level.
Allophone
Phones that makeup one phoneme (“All the phones”)
Antonyms
A word that means the opposite of another word. For example, “hot” is the antonym of “cold.”
Aspiration
Pronunciation accompanied by breathing out
Audiolingual Method
A rapid means of learning foreign languages (use to train military troops). It is a patterns of drills and dialogue designed to develop grammatical structures and vocabulary in a highly sequential manner. Teachers reinforced accurate producation and error correction through consistent feedback (Terrell, Egasse, & Voge, 1982). Developers of the audiolingual method believe that when language learners practiced pattern drill and dialogue designed to develop particular language structures, the new language structures would become a habit. They viewed language acquisition as the memorization and recall of language patterns.
Audiolingualism
“Audio-language”
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
The language ability needed for casual conversation. This usually applies to the interpersonal conversation skills of CLD students (i.e, playground language). It’s everyday, straightforrward communication skills that are helped by contextual supports such as gestures.
Behaviorism
The belief that learning occurs through environmental stimuli and a learner’s responses to those stimuli.
Bilingual Programs
Two-way developmental bilingual education, One-way developmental education, transitional bilingual education, ESL taught through academic content using current approaches, ESL putt-out
CALLA
(Congitive academic language learning approach) A methos of instruction that is grounded in the cognitive approach and focuses on the explicit instruction of learning strategies and the development of critical thinking as a means of acquiring deep levels of language proficiency.
CALP
(Cognitive academic language proficiency) the language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
Circumlocution
The use of more words than necessary to express something, especially to avoid saying it directly.
Code-switching
Sometimes use both languages in the same conversation to express themselves
Congitive academic language proficiency
The language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
Communicative competence
The ability of an individual to comprehend incoming messages and effectively communicate responses in ways that are appropriate for a given situation.
Communicative Language Teaching
Stressing the importance of language as a tool for communicating information and ideas through teaching
Communicative-based instruction
The communicative approach assumes that language production contains an infinite number of possible language combinations, so memorizing patterns and rules does little to prepare language learners for authentic language use.
Comparative adjectives
Ex: FastER, HappIER, MORE famous
Comprehensible input
Language delivered at a level understood by a learner
Consonant Clusters
In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits
Consonant diagraph
Diagraphs are “voiceless” combinations of two consonants. Following are examples: st, ch, sh, th, wh.
Consonant voicing
For all vowels, the air flows freely. Consonant sounds are formed when the air is constricted as it moves toward the lips. This constriction can involve simply slowing the air down or stopping it completely. The different consonant sounds depend on how and where the air is slowed or stopped.
Constructivism
Represents a throretical body of literature that views the human brain as having certain fundamental structures of understanding that enable it to draw meaning from experience. They believe that learning occurs as a result of interactions between the environment and the learner’s mind.
Cultural bias on the test
Testing that contain issues of validity and biases in testing
Cummins’ cognitive academic language proficiency
The language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
