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Praxis 5001 > Praxis 5005 (Science) > Flashcards

Praxis 5005 (Science) Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to Density and Temperature of the Earth as you approach the center

A

_____ and _____ increase moving towards the center of the Earth

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2
Q

Earth Composition (3 parts)

A
  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Core
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3
Q

Crust

A

Outermost solid layer of Earth

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4
Q

Mantle

A

ductile layer of Earth
- some parts can flow under certain conditions. Composed of mainly aluminum and silicates

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5
Q

Core

A

innermost layer of earth
- Outercore (liquid)
- Innercore (solid)
Made of mostly nickel and iron

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6
Q

Mechanical layers of Earth

A
  • Lithosphere
  • Asthenosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • OuterCore
  • InnerCore
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7
Q

Lithosphere

A

outermost and most rigid layer. Includes the crust and the lop layer of the mantle

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8
Q

Asthenosphere

A

soft plastic

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9
Q

Mesosphere

A

Beneath Asthenosphere. Lower mantle made of stiffer plastic

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10
Q

Outer Core

A

liquid iron and nickel. Only layer that is a true liquid

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11
Q

Inner Core

A

solid ball. Neither solid nor liquid “super ionic”

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12
Q

Earth’s Spheres

A
  • Lithosphere
  • Hydrosphere
  • Biosphere
  • Cryosphere
  • Atmosphere
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13
Q

Hydrosphere

A

all water in liquid form

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14
Q

Biosphere

A

global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms

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15
Q

Cryosphere

A

the masses of frozen water

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16
Q

Atmosphere

A

the layer of gasses that surround the planet
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% other gasses

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17
Q

Seismic waves

A

elastic wave caused by earthquakes. 3 types

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18
Q

Primary (P-Waves)

A

Fastest seismic wave. Can travel through solid, liquid, and gas.

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19
Q

Secondary (S-waves)

A

1/2 the speed of primary seismic waves. Can travel through rock but not liquid or gas

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20
Q

Surface Waves

A

Seismic waves that move along Earth’s surface. Slowest.

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21
Q

soil

A

Mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many organisms that support life.

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22
Q

Transpiration

A

Plants suck water up from roots and transfer to small pores in leaves, releasing water to vapor

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23
Q

How old is earth and when did life start?

A

4.5 billion years old. Life started 3.8 billion years ago

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24
Q

What are the 4 eons?

A

1 - Haeden
2 - Archean
3 - Proterozoic
4 - Phanerozoic

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25
Q

Haedon Eon

A

Eon where Earth is formed but there is no life.

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26
Q

Archean Eon

A

Prokaryotic life emerges in this eon

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27
Q

Proterozoic Eon

A

Eukaryotes emerge in this eon

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28
Q

Phanerozoic Eon

A

Complex life moves to land in the eon. This is the current eon we are in.

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29
Q

Igneous rock

A

lava, magma (granite, pumice)

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30
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

heat pressure (marble, slate)

31
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

deposition, cementation (limestone, shale)

32
Q

Order of the planets

A

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune

33
Q

What planet is similar to Earth’s size, density, and mass?

A

Venus

34
Q

What planet is similar to Earth’s rotation and axis tilt?

A

Mars

35
Q

Comets

A

Chunks of ice and rock originating outside the solar system

36
Q

Asteroids

A

Chunks of rock and metal in orbit between Mars and Jupiter

37
Q

Meterorites

A

Small asteroids

38
Q

What causes Earth’s seasons?

A

Earth’s axis tilt

39
Q

Geocentric Theory

A

Earth is center of Universe

40
Q

Heliocentric Theory

A

Copernicus - Sun is center of Universe

41
Q

Cell Theory

A

1- all living things are composed of cells
2- the cell is the smallest unit of life
3- all cells come from pre-existing cells

42
Q

Prokaryote

A

unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane bound organelle. Asexual.

43
Q

Eukaryote

A

Multicellular organism with membrane bound organelles

44
Q

Prokaryote examples

A

Archaea and bacteria

45
Q

Cellular membrane

A

fluid permeable outside covering of the cell. In a plant this is called cell wall and is rigid.

46
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> CO2 + H2O + ATP

47
Q

Photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + Sunlight –> Glucose + Oxygen

48
Q

4 Main types of Asexual Reproduction

A

1 - Binary Fission
2 - Budding
3 - Fragmentation
4 - Parthenogenesis

49
Q

Binary Fission

A

Single parent cell doubles in DNA then divides into 2 cells (bacteria)

50
Q

Budding

A

Small growth on the surface of parent breaks off to continue to adulthood (yeast)

51
Q

Fragmentation

A

Piece of organism breaks off a develops into a new organism (starfish)

52
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Embryo develops from an unfertilized egg (Invertebrates and reptiles)

53
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A
  • Interphase
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
54
Q

Interphase

A

Cell prepares for division by doubling DNA

55
Q

Prophase

A

DNA coils into chromosomes. Nuclear membrane dissolves. Spindle fibers begin to appear on opposite sides.

56
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres

57
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart

58
Q

Telophase

A

2 new cells pinch off forming identical sister cells. Cytokinesis - cuts the cell in 2.

59
Q

Meiosis

A

Sexual reproduction. 2 step process. Sex cells have 23 chromosomes each and together (egg and sperm) contribute to the total 46.

60
Q

Trisomy

A

Extra chromosome in one cell

61
Q

DNA contains a code of 4 nitrogen bases

A

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T). Cytosine (C) and Guamine (G)

62
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Father of Genetics. Used pea plants

63
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Taxonomy (Systema Naturae)

64
Q

Atomic Number tells you…

A

The number of protons

65
Q

Characteristic of water: Cohesion

A

water to water

66
Q

Characteristic of water: Adhesion

A

water to other molecules

67
Q

Characteristic of water: High heat of evaporation

A

sweating

68
Q

ions

A

charged elements or molecules that have lost or gained one or more electrons (+ or - electron)

69
Q

isotopes

A

2 or more forms of the same element with same number of protons but not neutrons (+ or - neutron)

70
Q

Force

A

the change in motion (mV) per change in times.
mass x acceleration

71
Q

Density

A

found by dividing mass by volume

72
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter (oven)

73
Q

conduction

A

transfer of heat from particle to particle (spoon in soup)

74
Q

radiation

A

transfer of heat from electromagnetic waves through space (heat off fire)

Praxis 5001 (4 decks)

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