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Praxis 5004 (Social Studies) Flashcards

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1
Q

Key Motives for European colonization of the Americas

A

God, Glory, Gold

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2
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

Sailed from Spain in 1492 to the Americas looking for a new route to India

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3
Q

Hernan Cortes

A

1519 Landed in Mexico - discovered Aztec gold and motives shifted to gold. Conquered the Aztecs

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4
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

New World was named after him

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5
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

1521 sailed around the world

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6
Q

Ponce de Leon

A

Spanish conquistador that explored St. Augustine searching for Gold and other resources

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7
Q

Roger Williams

A

English Puritan advocated for religious freedom and the fair treatment of Native Americans

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8
Q

Oldest city in the US

A

St. Augustine 1565

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9
Q

First 2 colonies

A
  • Jamestown, Virginia (1607) was the first permanent English colony
  • Plymouth, Massachusetts (1620) was the first permanent Puritan colony
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10
Q

Rhode Island Colony

A

Founded by Roger Williams 1636

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11
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

First document of self-governess signed by 40 Mayflower passengers September 16, 1620

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12
Q

America Revolution years

A

1765 - 1783

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13
Q

Stamp Act

A

Tax put on American colonies by British in 1765 on all paper goods

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14
Q

Townshend Acts

A

series of laws passed by British parliament (1767) that taxed goods imported (paper, paint, lead, glass, tea) and established some laws

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15
Q

Laws established by the Townshend Acts

A
  • American customs Board in Boston to collect taxes
  • Courts in America to prosecute smugglers
  • Gave British officials the right to search colonist’s homes and businesses
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16
Q

Sons of Liberty Members

A
  • Sam Adams (founder)
  • Benedict Arnold (traitor)
  • John Hancock
  • Patrick Henry
  • Paul Revere
  • John Brown
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17
Q

Federalist Party

A

Hamilton - “Big Government”

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18
Q

Democratic-Republican Party

A

Jefferson and Madison - “Small Government”

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19
Q

Articles of Confederation

A

First US Constitution, weak central government. Each state gets one vote. Did not have the power to tax

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20
Q

Constitutional Convention

A

Delegate meeting tp strengthen the Constitution. Bill of Rights was added 1 year later in 1787 to satisfy the anti-federalists

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21
Q

Magna Carta

A

English common law (1212) that Sam Adams believed colonists were entitled to. He referenced this when writing The Rights of Colonists

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22
Q

Westward Expansion years (approximately)

A

1840-1850

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23
Q

Oregon Trail

A

route from Missouri to Oregon to migrate West

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24
Q

The Louisiana Purchase

A

1803 - Thomas Jefferson
land deal between US and the French. 827,000 sq miles west of Mississippi river for 15 million dollars

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25
Q

Effects of the Louisiana Purchase

A
  • created 15 states
  • led to the Lewis and Clark expedition (1804)
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26
Q

The Erie Canal

A

1825 - connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes creating cheaper transportation.

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27
Q

The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851

A

Treaty between US and Native American tribes defining reservations. Was broken by US government when gold was discovered on the reservations.

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28
Q

Short Summary of the War of 1812

A
  • Britain tried to impede American trade with France
  • British supported Native Americans in an attempt to resist American expansion NW
  • British refused to give up Western land
  • Britain seized American ships
  • No one “won”
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29
Q

When was the Antebellum Period?

A

Period between the War of 1812 and Civil War that consisted of an unstable political environment and say the rise of abolitionists vs slavery supporters

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30
Q

Missouri Compromise

A

James Monroe - signed that Maine was a free state and Missouri was a slave state. Outlawed slavery above the 36 30 longitude line.

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31
Q

Indian Removal Act

A

Andrew Jackson - 1830 Aka Trail of Tears. Indians were to give up their land East of the Mississippi in exchange for land in the West

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32
Q

Oregon Compromise

A

James Polk - Treaty with Great Britain that clarified the Northwest border of US and what would become Canada. Allowed US to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific

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33
Q

Compromise of 1850

A

Fugitive Slave Act was amended and California was become a free state

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34
Q

Dred Scot vs Sanford

A

James Buchanan - 1857 supreme court decided that blacks (specifically who were or whose family was brought via slavery) were not and could not become US citizens

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35
Q

The Civil War years

A

1861-1865

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36
Q

13th Amendment

A

Added due to Civil War - abolished slavery

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37
Q

14th Amendment

A

Civil War - granted equal civil and legal rights to freed slaves

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38
Q

15th Amendment

A

Civil War - prohibits federal or state government from denying a citizen the right to vote based on color

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39
Q

Ulysses S Grant

A

Top Union general after McClellan’s termination. Waged total war on the South. Had a major victory at Vicksburg, VA

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40
Q

Robert E Lee

A

General who turned Lincoln down and instead commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for the Confederacy

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41
Q

Jefferson Davis

A

Elected President of the Confederate States of America

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42
Q

Charles Francis Adams

A

US Diplomat for Lincoln that kept France and Great Britain out of the Civil War

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43
Q

Agrarianism

A

Viewpoint that rural society is superior to urban society. Valued property ownership and family farming.

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44
Q

Industrialization

A

An economy is transformed from primarily agriculture to manufacturing goods

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45
Q

Urbanization

A

Population shift from rural to urban areas

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46
Q

Marxism

A

The belief that capitalism exploited workers and anticipated an overthrow of capitalism

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47
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

A

Chester A Arthur - Prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years.

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48
Q

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

A

Federal law prohibiting monopolies

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49
Q

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913

A

Used to establish economic stability through introducing a central bank to oversee monetary policy
- lends money to smaller banks
- determines interest rates

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50
Q

WWI years

A

1914-1919

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51
Q

WWI cause

A

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife by a Siberian

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52
Q

The Allied Powers consisted of

A

France
Britain
Russia
US

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53
Q

The Central Powers consisted of

A

Austria-Hungary
Germany
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria

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54
Q

President during WWI

A

Woodrow Wilson - resisted pressure to enter the war until it no longer could be avoided

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55
Q

Espionage Act

A

Illegal to interfere with the operation of the military

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56
Q

Schenck Vs US

A

Urged men to not join the draft and was convicted of espionage

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57
Q

Zimmerman Telegram

A

Telegram between Germany and Mexico that considered an alliance. It was intercepted and decoded by the British and the reason US entered WWI.

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58
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

Peace treaty signed (except by US) officially ending WWI and requiring Germany to take responsibility and promise to make retributions.

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59
Q

Andrew Mellon

A

Treasury Secretary that gave wealthy tax breaks

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60
Q

Stock Market Crash of 1929

A

economic panic lead to millions of shares traded thus value plummeted

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61
Q

The Dust Bowl of 1930’s

A

Southern Plains drought uprooted families

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62
Q

The Securities and Exchange Act of 1934

A

Regulates transactions on the 2nd market and ensure financial transparency of publicly traded companies

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63
Q

WWII years

A

1939-1945

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64
Q

WWII Allied Powers

A

Great Britain
Soviet Union
US
China

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65
Q

WWII Axis Powers

A

Germany
Italy
Japan

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66
Q

Events leading to WWII

A
  • Hitler becomes Chancellor
  • Germany and Italy form Rome-Berlin Axis Treaty
  • Japan invades China
  • Germany Invades Poland
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67
Q

The Manhattan Project

A

(1942-1946) Research and development of the nuclear bomb in Oakridge Tennesse

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68
Q

The Cold War years

A

1945-1990

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69
Q

Truman Doctrine

A

US would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations

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70
Q

Marshall Plan

A

aka European Recovery Program. US aids Western Europe post WWII as a part of containment

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71
Q

Berlin Airlift

A

US airlifted food, water, and medicine to Berlin citizens in response to Soviet blockade

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72
Q

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

A

Alliance between North America and Europe to protect each other from communist Soviet Union

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73
Q

Warsaw Pact

A

Soviets response to NATO

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74
Q

Bay of Pigs Invasion

A

Kennedy - failed attempt to overthrow Castro using Cuban exiles trained and financed by CIA

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75
Q

Anti-Ballistic Missle Treaty

A

US and Soviet agree to limit the use of ballistic missiles to defend other countries

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76
Q

Perestroika

A

Soviet Union’s political/economic restructure. Proposed by Brezhnev and Implemented by Gorbachev. Was seen as an attempt to democratize

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77
Q

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty

A

US and Soviet Union agree to decrease nuclear arsenals signed by Reagan and Gorbachev

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78
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

1870/1880s Segregation laws that were implemented until 1965

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79
Q

Separation of Power: Article I

A

Outlines the Legislative branch (House of Representatives and The Senate)

80
Q

Separation of Power: Article II

A

Outlines the Executive branch (The President)

81
Q

Separation of Power: Article III

A

Outlines the Judicial branch (The Supreme Court)

82
Q

House of Representatives

A

Responsible for making and passing federal laws. Seats are distributed by population.

83
Q

Senate

A

Consists of 100 members each with 6 year terms

84
Q

Supreme Court

A

Consists of 9 Justices each with lifelong positions.

85
Q

Judicial Review

A

The ability to declare legislative or executive act to be in violation of the Constitution

86
Q

State/Local Executive Branch

A

State - Governor
Local - Mayor

87
Q

State/Local Legislative Branch

A

State - State Senate/House of Representatives
Local - City Council

88
Q

State/Local Judicial Branch

A

State - District Court, Appeals Court, State Supreme
Local - Municipal Court

89
Q

International Date Line

A

Line that runs from North Pole to South Pole and indicates the change from one calendar day to the next

90
Q

International Date Line location

A

Line that passes through middle of Pacific Ocean, roughly following the 180* longitude

91
Q

Latitude

A

Directional lines that runs horizontally across Earth

92
Q

Longitude

A

Directional lines that runs vertically across Earth

93
Q

Nation

A

Community of people who share similar history, culture, and traditions, and reside in the same area or territory

94
Q

Sovereign State

A

Self-governing geopolitical entity that has defined borders

95
Q

Country

A

Nation with its own government and economy that occupies a defined territory

96
Q

Topographical maps vs Physical maps

A

Topographical maps use lines whereas physical maps use color to illustrate different features of the land

97
Q

Archipelago

A

Group of islands or island chain (Hawaiian Islands)

98
Q

Atoll

A

Coral island that surrounds a lagoon (Maldives)

99
Q

Barrier Island

A

A band of beach parallel to the mainland that protects the shore from the effects of the ocean

100
Q

Bays

A

an inlet of sea or other body of water usually smaller than a gulf

101
Q

Deciduous Forest

A

Forest which lose their leaves seasonally

102
Q

Delta

A

Landform that forms from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower-moving or standing water

103
Q

Fjord

A

Long narrow, deep inlet of the sea between high cliffs

104
Q

Ice caps

A

Glaciers forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center

105
Q

Isthmus

A

Narrow strip of land connecting two large land areas otherwise separated by bodies of water

106
Q

Plateaus

A

Usually extensive land area having a relatively level surface raised sharply above adjacent land at least on one side

107
Q

Rain Forest

A

Woodland with annual rainfall of 100 inches and heavy tree canopy

108
Q

Sea

A

Body of saltwater that is partially enclosed by land

109
Q

Taiga

A

Moist subarctic forest of conifers that begins where the tundra ends

110
Q

Tundra

A

Treeless plain in arctic or subarctic regions. Consists of black mucky soil with a permanently frozen subsoil and has a dominant vegetation of mosses, lichens, herbs, and dwarf shrubs

111
Q

Desertification of the Sahel (1900’s)

A

Region along the southern border of the Sahara desert that once supported a prosperous community of farming and agriculture. Overpopulation, overgrazing, and agriculture led to deforestation.

112
Q

Castle Bravo Nuclear Test (1954)

A

US detonated a hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands leading to the largest radiological contamination in US history

113
Q

Desertification of the Aral Sea (1960)

A

Soviet water management system for irrigation caused the fourth largest inland body of water to dry up

114
Q

Two Mile Island Nuclear Meltdown (1979)

A

Partial nuclear meltdown at US plant in Dauphin Pennsylvania resulted in the release of radioactive material into the environment.

115
Q

Chernobyl (1986)

A

Soviet nuclear power plant explosion and fires cause nuclear meltdown and released radioactive material. Countless humans and animals died.

116
Q

Arable

A

Producing crops

117
Q

Pastoral

A

Producing animals

118
Q

Intensive farming

A

Small areas of land; high inputs of resources

119
Q

Extensive farming

A

Large areas of land; low inputs of resources

120
Q

Localized irrigation

A

Network of pipes using low pressure for irrigation

121
Q

Center Pivot Irrigation

A

System of sprinklers that move in a circular pattern often used in flat areas

122
Q

Sub-irrigation

A

Pumping stations, canals, dams, gates and ditches used for irrigation

123
Q

Manual Irrigation

A

Using manual labor/ watering cnas

124
Q

Surface Irrigation

A

Uses gravity to move water. Such as aqueducts

125
Q

Anthropology

A

Study of human beings, their cultures, origins, environments, and social norms

126
Q

Physical characteristics of Anthropology

A

Anthropologic characteristics through measurement and observation

127
Q

Cultural characteristics of Anthropology

A

Anthropologic characteristics consisting of cognitive and social organization (folklore, linguistics, religion, politics, ethnology)

128
Q

Assimilation

A

Process of individuals absorbing the dominant culture of a group different from their own heritage

129
Q

Socialization

A

Process of understanding oneself and societal expectations through social interactions with others

130
Q

Dewey

A

Learning by exploring and doing (experimental)

131
Q

Skinner

A

Behaviorism (Positive.negative reinforcement)

132
Q

Piaget

A

Stages of cognitive development/prior knowledge (schema); discovery learning

133
Q

Maslow

A

Hierarchy of needs

134
Q

Vygotsky

A

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
- cooperative learning
- scaffolding
- peer and teacher support

135
Q

Ethnic enclave

A

Subsection of a community where the population is ethnically distinguished from the surrounding area (Berea)

136
Q

High context culture

A

Culture that relies heavily on gestures, eye contact, and relationships

137
Q

Low context culture

A

Cultures that rely heavily on explicit written or verbal communication

138
Q

Christianity

A

Bible - Life and teachings of Jesus

139
Q

Isalm

A

Koran - God known as Allah. 5 Pillars
1 - Declaration of faith
2 - Prayer
3 - Giving money to charity
4 - fasting
5 - pilgrimage to Mecca

140
Q

Catholicism

A

Bible - One true church. Belief in purgatory. Mass. 7 sacraments
1 - Baptism
2 - Confirmation
3 - the Eucharist
4 - Penance
5 - Extreme Unction
6 - Marriage
7 - Holy orders

141
Q

Buddhism

A

Pali Canon - “The Awakened One” Nirvana is the ultimate goal through 4 Noble Truths based on human suffering and dissatisfaction

142
Q

Hinduism

A

The Vedas - Compilation of different beliefs, no one founder. Worship Brahmen. Believe in karma and that all life is sacred

143
Q

Judaism

A

Torah - One God, Messiah has not come yet

144
Q

Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution

A

Mesopotamia 9000 BC from hunter-gatherer to agrarian. Sparked the formation of tools, writing, art, technology, and religion

145
Q

Mesopotamia river system

A

Tigris-Euphrates river system

146
Q

Egypt river system

A

Nile River Valley

147
Q

Indus Valley Civilization river system

A

Indus River (Pakistan)

148
Q

China river system

A

Yellow River

149
Q

Mesopotamia civilization

A
  • Sumerians (5000BC - 1750BC)
  • Assyrians (2000 BC-900BC)
  • Babylonians (1895BC-539BC)
150
Q

Sumerians

A

Southern Mesopotamian civilization that created writings, spoke complex language, had specialized labor, mud-brick homes and created the written language - Cuneiform

151
Q

Assyrians

A

Mesopotamian civilization that built businesses, formed religions, waged wars. Evolved from Bronze age to the Iron Age

152
Q

Babylonians

A

One of the largest ancient civilizations. Created large complex structures. Created the Code of Hammurabi (a system of law and order)

153
Q

Sexagesimal

A

Base 60 numerical system used by Sumerians and still used today (circle = 360 / hour = 60 min)

154
Q

Egyptian Writing

A

Hieroglyphs - believed that if they wrote it then it would happen (magic). Central purpose was to bring certain concepts or events into fruition

155
Q

Egyptian Architecture

A

Pharaoh Ramesses the Great engineered the corbelled arch which helped build the pyramids

156
Q

Egyptian methematics

A

Introduced the base 10 system

157
Q

Egyptian Science

A

Invented paper (papyrus), ink, the calendar, clocks, makeup, and had great astronomers

158
Q

Indus Valley Advancements

A
  • brick house
  • innovative draining systems
  • metal works
  • large buildings
159
Q

The Age of Reason/Enlightenment

A

Philosophers began exploring based on facts and reason not religion

160
Q

The Age of Exploration, Colonialism, and Imperialism

A

Europeans began exploring trade routes to avoid the Ottoman Empire thus discovering the Americas - Triangular Slave Trade

161
Q

Cause of French Revolution

A

Led to from mainly economic and financial crisis from the Seven Years War (The French and Indian War)

162
Q

What signaled the start of the French Revolution

A

Storming of the Bastille

163
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

Philosopher wrote “The Social Contract” that inspired political reform during the French Revolution

164
Q

Maximelian Robespierre

A

Architect of the Reign of Terror which had dictatorial control over the French government during French Revolution

165
Q

The Age of Revolution

A

1760 - 1830
- American Revolution
- French Revolution
- Latin America Revolution

166
Q

Scramble for Africa

A

Late 19th century, 14 Countries met in Belgium to map out the region and divide the continent into colonies. By 1914 Liberia and Ethiopia were the only independent countries

167
Q

Decolonization in Asia and Africa

A

After WWI colonies began to revolt against European rule.
- WWII Central powers gained control over colonies
- At the end of WWII Allied powers wanted to end colonialism and foster sovereignty

168
Q

Economy

A

The wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services

169
Q

Recession

A

A period of temporary economic decline during which trades and industrial activity are reduced generally identified by a fall in Gross Domestic Product in two successive quarters

170
Q

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

A

the value of all the goods and services a country produces in a year

171
Q

Socialism

A

Economic system where there are no private business owners; there is a system of collective or government ownership and administration of production and distribution of goods

172
Q

Communism

A

Economic system where no private property exists and there is centralized production and distribution

173
Q

Perfect Competition

A

All producers sell identical product, producers cannot manipulate the prices, market share does not influence price

174
Q

Oligopoly

A

few producers/sellers who have control over prices and maintains barrier to prevent others from entering the market

175
Q

Monopolistic Competition

A

Producers sell similar products. The barriers to enter the market are low, decision made by one producer does not affect competitors

176
Q

Money Market Accounts

A

Bank account with higher interest rate than savings but has limited withdrawals per statement cycle. Usually requires a minimum balance

177
Q

Certificates of Deposit (CDs)

A

Bank account with higher interest rate than Money Market Accounts but the money cannot be withdrawn for a set amount of time

178
Q

Individual Retirement Account (IRA)

A

Retirement account that offers tax advantages but cannot be withdrawn until retirement without penalty

179
Q

US Savings Bond

A

Government bond exempt from taxes and is used to fund capital projects, Has a fixed interest rate for a fixed amount of time. Federal taxes applied when bond matures

180
Q

Non-installment Credit

A

Short term borrowing that ends with the borrower making one payment at the end of the period

181
Q

Close-End Credit

A

A specific amount is lent to borrower - the total purchase price of goods or services (car dealerships)

182
Q

Revolving Open-End Credit

A

Credit cards

183
Q

Law of Demand

A

When price increases, demand decreases

184
Q

Law of Supply

A

When price increase, supply increases

185
Q

Equilibrium

A

aka Allocation Efficiency
when Supply and Demand reach the same price/quantity point

186
Q

Excess Supply (Economic Surplus)

A

Goods supplied is higher than quantity demanded

187
Q

Excess Demand (Economic Shortage)

A

Quantity demanded is higher than what can be supplied

188
Q

Elasticity

A

The degree in which consumers change their demands and producers change their supply in response to change in price or income

189
Q

Elastic

A

Significant changes where elasticity is greater than or equal to 1

190
Q

Inelastic

A

modest changes where elasticity is less than 1

191
Q

Elasticity equation

A

% change in price

192
Q

Embargo

A

Official ban on trade or other commercial activity with a particular country

193
Q

Eminent Domain

A

The right of the government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use with payment of compensation

194
Q

Sanctions

A

A threatened penalty for disobeying

195
Q

Trade regulation

A

Monitoring including government regulation of unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive business practices

Praxis 5001 (4 decks)

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