Pragmatics

Question 1

Implicature

Answer 1

an implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken

Question 2

Inference

Answer 2

the process of deriving implied meanings

Question 3

Irony

Answer 3

using language to signal an attitude other than what has been literally expressed

Question 4

Deixis

Answer 4

words that are context-bound where meaning depends on who is being referred to, where something is happening or when it is happening

Question 5

Speech acts

Answer 5

communicative acts that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them, for example, apologies and promises

Question 6

Politeness

Answer 6

the awareness of others’ needs to be approved of and liked (positive politeness) and/or given freedom to express their own identity and choices (negative politeness)

Question 7

Face

Answer 7

the concept of how all communication relies on presenting a ‘face’ to listeners and audiences, and how the management of positive and negative face needs to contribute to interaction

Question 8

Cooperative principles

Answer 8

in conversation: how interaction is thought to be based upon various kinds of cooperative behaviour between speakers