Discourse

Question 1

Discourse markers

Answer 1

words, phrases or clauses that help to organise what we say or write
- e.g. OK, So, “as I was saying..”

Question 2

Adjuncts

Answer 2

non-essential elements of clauses that can be omitted

- e.g. “I’ll see you in the morning”

Question 3

Disjuncts

Answer 3

sentence adverbs that work to express an attitude or stance towards material that follows
- e.g. “Frankly, I’m appalled at what she said” or “Sadly, not one of them survived”

Question 4

Narrative structure

Answer 4

how events, actions and processes are sequenced when recounting a story.

Question 5

Anaphoric reference

Answer 5

making reference back to something previously identified ina text
- e.g. “The woman stood by the door. She made detailed notes of what she could see”

Question 6

Cataphoric reference

Answer 6

making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text
- e.g. “It was warm. It was living. It was a rabbit”

Question 7

Exophoric reference

Answer 7

making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself (as opposed to Endophoric, which is within the language of the text), perhaps within a speaker’s immediate physical context
- e.g. “Look at that”

Question 8

Interdiscursivity (or Intertextuality)

Answer 8

the use of discourse from one field as part of another
- e.g. the use of scientific discourses in the selling of beauty products, or the use of commercial discourse in education

Question 9

Critical discourse analysis

Answer 9

the use of linguistic analysis to explore and challenge the ideologies, positions and values of texts and their producers

Question 10

Cohesion

Answer 10

the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader concept of coherence.