Pragmatics

Question 0

Hedges/mitigators

Answer 0

Spontaneous- tend to make utterances less blunt or less assertive, tend to use these to avoid breaching the maxim or quality

Question 1

Deictics

Answer 1

Spontaneous- words that point things out in immediate context, in face to face speakers don’t need to spell things out explicitly, conversation would be context bound

Question 2

Implicature

Answer 2

Spontaneous- refers to a meaning suggested by an utterance, even if not directly expressed

Question 3

Grice’s maxims

Answer 3

(1) quantity- don’t say too much/too little
(2) quality- don’t lie
(3) relation- be relevant
(4) manner- don’t be too obscure or ambiguous

Question 4

Face needs

Answer 4

Hedges help respect the face needs

Question 5

Relative status

Answer 5

Spontaneous- relative social, educational etc level of speakers in a conversation, can be affected by competence level in a shared task or goal, in which case elevated social status may be over ruled by other factors