Discourse

Question 0

Repetition

Answer 0

Spontaneous- unintentional repetition

Planned/edited- deliberate for effect (anaphora or tricolon)

Question 1

Non-fluency features

Answer 1

Spontaneous- typical

Planned/edited- usually edited out

Question 2

Unvoiced pauses

Answer 2

Spontaneous- to breathe or think or maybe in response to a contextual cue
Planned/edited- speaker may plan pauses for a dramatic effect (let the information sink in)

Question 3

Fillers

Answer 3

Spontaneous- give speaker time to think what to say eg “like”, “kinda”, “sort of”, some fillers are purely fillers, others may also function as hedges and some words such as “well” may be discourse markers

Question 4

Grammatical blends

Answer 4

Spontaneous- this occurs when a sentence begins one way and ends in another eg. an utterance starting as a declarative statement and turning into a question “I thought you might want to go out, do you?”

Question 5

Backtracking

Answer 5

Spontaneous- returning to a topic which had earlier been dropped

Question 6

False start

Answer 6

Spontaneous- a change of thought reflected in the start of a new sentence in mid utterance

Question 7

Vague completed

Answer 7

Spontaneous- “… and stuff”

Question 8

Slip of the tongue

Answer 8

Spontaneous- the use of the wrong word, maybe one which sounds similar that was on the speaker’s mind (Freud)
Planned/edited- in literature these are sometimes linked to what are called malapropisms

Question 9

Adjacency pair

Answer 9

Spontaneous- most conversations are structured by these consists of first part that raises the expectation of a response- the 2nd part (usually a question or prompt)
Planned/edited- in an edited interview the pairs may still be included or the interviewer’s part MIT be edited out into headings

Question 10

Insertion sequence

Answer 10

Spontaneous- a sequence of conversation which intervenes between two parts of the adjacency pair, this may develop, comment or extend the implications of the initial move in the adjacency pair

Question 11

Interruptions

Answer 11

Spontaneous- can occur frequently (can signal desire of a speaker to dominate conversation- either because of interest or rudeness)
Planned/edited- likely to be edited out in edited speech

Question 12

Overlapping

Answer 12

Spontaneous- speakers talking at the same time as others, unlike an interruption this may not be an attempt to take over but more of a cooperative chiming in which each other

Question 13

Interjection

Answer 13

Spontaneous- an abrupt remark made as an aside assumption

Question 14

Topic management

Answer 14

Spontaneous- the way in which speakers in a conversation negotiate and organise the development and changes in their dialogue
Planned/edited- under the complete control of the single speaker, it may be organised by paragraphing as the speech is composed, in written text topic management is also organised by paragraphing

Question 15

Discourse markers

Answer 15

Spontaneous- these mark boundaries eg. “well”, “so”, might initiate a topic “anyway”, might signal a topic shift or signal the end of a topic
Planned/edited- may appear in prepared speech to help organise and present the argument eg. conjunctions

Question 16

Topic shifts

Answer 16

Spontaneous- points at which speakers move from one topic to another, how this is achieved is part of topic management, discourse markers have an important role
Planned/edited- will be planned an controlled, can be signalled by linking words and phrases

Question 17

Topic loops

Answer 17

Spontaneous- reintroducing an earlier topic in order to move from a disruption in a conversation

Question 18

Repairs

Answer 18

Spontaneous- practical move in a conversation aimed at restoring a conversation because the topic has become difficult or the responses have not been forthcoming or because one speaker is not clear or is not understood

Question 19

Cohesion

Answer 19

The grammatical and lexical devices such as repetition and the use of pronouns, ellipsis, that link the parts of written or spoken text

Question 20

Anaphoric reference

Answer 20

A feature of cohesion where a pronoun, noun or noun phrase points backward to something mentioned earlier in the speech or writing “‘the film’ was breathtaking and the audience watched ‘it’ in silence” or “‘it’ was totally brilliant (.) ‘the film’ I mean”

Question 21

Openings/initiators

Answer 21

Spontaneous- strategies by which conversations begin
Planned/edited- consider how the speaker grabs the audience’s attention in their opening utterance and how it is designed to get the audience thinking/ feeling a particular way that will serve the message the speech is designed to communicate

Question 22

Closings

Answer 22

Spontaneous- strategies by which conversations end
Planned/edited- consider how the closing utterance is designed to reinforce the main message or point of the speech and make it memorable for the audience

Question 23

Back channeling

Answer 23

Spontaneous- “uhuh” “mmmm” “yeah”- signal that participant is listening or agreeing