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Linguistics Final Exam > Pragmatics > Flashcards

Pragmatics Flashcards

1
Q

Utterances

A

an event of using a sentence in speech: context, mimics, prosody, implicatures, etc

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2
Q

Sentences

A

abstract units

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3
Q

Types of Contexts

A

Situational, Linguistic, Social

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4
Q

Situation Context

A

“You look very rested, indeed!”
Meaning before spring break vs after spring break

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5
Q

Linguistic Context

A

Can you do THIS for me?
I don’t want to go THERE!

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6
Q

Social Context

A

“Dear Mr. James! Can you tell what that means?”
spoken to a child vs spoken to an adult

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7
Q

Felicity

A

Appropriateness relative to the context
Property of utterances

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8
Q

Cooperative Principle

A

Utterances are meant to convey useful information to contribute to the purposes of the conversation

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9
Q

Grice’s Maxims

A

Quantity, Quality, Manner, Relevance

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10
Q

Quantity

A
  • make your contribution as informative as is required
  • do NOT make you contribution more informative than is required
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11
Q

Quality

A
  • do NOT say that which you believe to be false
  • do NOT say that for which you lack evidence
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12
Q

Manner

A
  • dont be obscure
  • dont be ambiguous
  • be brief
  • be orderly
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13
Q

Relevance

A

be relevant

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14
Q

Flouting Maxims

A

superficial violations of the maxims give rise to implicatures

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15
Q

Implicature

A

information that is not explicitly contained in an utterance but that is conveyed by exploiting the cooperative principle

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16
Q

Implication

A

when a message is sent without being said explicitly (the speaker)
what the speaker implies

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17
Q

Inference

A

a conclusion that the listener draws from an utterance based on a set of circumstances
what the listener infers

18
Q

Presupposition

A

an underlying assumption that must be satisfied for the utterance to make sense
- must be either common knowledge or previously asserted in the discourse

19
Q

Presupposition Triggers

A

word or phrases that indicate the presence of a presupposition

20
Q

Presupposition accomodation

A

relies on the perceived likelihood/plausibility or on previous info

21
Q

Speech Acts

A

any use of language
- differ by their purpose/function

22
Q

Types of Speech Acts

A

Assertion, question, request, order, promise, threat

23
Q

Assertion

A

conveys information

24
Q

Question

A

elicits information

25
Q

Request

A

eliciting action or information (politely)

26
Q

Order

A

demands action

27
Q

Promise

A

commits the speaker to an action

28
Q

Threat

A

commits the speaker to an action that the hearer does not want

29
Q

Performative Speech Acts

A
  • special types of speech acts
  • do not talk about physical action but rather linguistic actions
  • uses performative verbs that denote purely linguistic actions
  • have consequences in the world
    “I hereby pronounce you husband and wife”
30
Q

How to check is a speech act is performative

A

try to insert the word hereby before the potentially performative verb

31
Q

Direct Speech Act

A

“I am not sure what to do here, Professor”
request (politely elicits action of information)

32
Q

Indirect Speech Act

A

“I would like to know what will be on the exam”
Question (elicits information)
Indirect because it looks more an assertion

33
Q

Where do indirect speech acts come from?

A

to be polite

34
Q

Basic Ideas of Politeness Theory

A

Politeness, Positive Face, Negative Face, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness

35
Q

Politeness

A

acting so as to take into account the feelings of others

36
Q

Positive face

A

desire to have public self/image appreciated

37
Q

Negative Face

A

desire to be free from imposing on others

38
Q

Positive Politeness

A

any effort to meet positive face needs; sympathy

39
Q

Negative Politeness

A

Any effort to meet negative face needs; showing deference as not to offend

40
Q

Examples of Positive Politeness

A

Expressions of Benevolence
Expressions of Solidarity
- terms of endearment
- slang
- tag questions (you know? isn’t it?)
- hedges (like, sort of)
-posing statements as questions (uptalk)

41
Q

Examples of Negative Politeness

A

Questioning rather than commanding
expressing pessimism
Hedging request (maybe you could…)
Minimizing imposition (i just need to talk for one second)
Hesitating
Refer to the possibility of an action

Linguistics Final Exam (5 decks)

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