practicum study guide Flashcards
what is the purpose of centrifugal force in the centrifugal analyzer?
separate solids from liquids
what does a lab worker do if acid gets in an eye?
flush with running water and notify supervisor
what do the etched rings on the top of a pipette mean? TC?
blow out
to contain pipette
what could cause an elevated specific gravity but normal osmolality?
heavier molecule such as glucose or protein
what are normal values for CSF glucose, protein, appearance, and WBC?
glucose : 50-80 mg/100ml
protein: 15-45 mg/dl
appearance: clear and colorless
wbc: 0-5
why is CO toxic?
prevents O2 binding to hgb
know the abnormal and normal metabolism of bilirubin including what is increased and/or decreased in the serum, urine, and/or feces?
normal values:
total bili : 0.2-1.0 mg/dl
conj bili: 0.0-0.2 mg/dl
unconj bili: 0.2-0.8 mg/dl
prehep: too much bili to liver, increases urine/ feces, (hemolytic anemias)
hepatic: problem with liver itself, incr in urine, feces, (liver disease)
posthep: bili obstruction decr/absence urobili in urine/feces (stones, tumors)
e.g. obstructive jaundice= decre fecal, urobilinogen, increased bile pigments = jaundice
be able to interpret oral and IV GTT results
( 2 hour plasma glucose)
normal : 200 mg/dl
bilirubin specimen precautions while handling
protect from light
run ASAP
no hemolysis
what enzymes cannot be preserved by freezing
LD
what is the cause of postprandial lipemia
chylomcirons
how does the electrophoretic pattern of plasma differ from that of serum
sharp fibrinogen peak in plasma
what is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH of 8.6?
fastets: albumin A1 A2 beta gamma (slowest)
what is the principle enzyme in saliva?
amylase
the immunoglobulins migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH of 8.6?
gamma globulin
how do oral contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding assays?
increased in both
creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?
creatine
what tests are affected by hemolysis
K bili trop CK LD ALT AST ALP
what is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio/
20:1
what is the anticoagulant choice for blood gas analysis?
heparin
how is serum globulin usually determined?
serum globulin = total protein - albumin
what is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation
T4 thyroxine
how is bloody CSF handled in the lab?
spin it down
analyze fluid
mention presence of blood
what is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?
specificity
what are the major intracellular and extracellular anions and cations?
intracellular anion: phosphate
intracellular cation: potassium
extracellular anion: chloride
extracellular cation; sodium
what is the normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
differentiate a transudate from an exudate
transudate claer, no clots, SG 1.015
what protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?
albumin
how is the blood glucose level affected if the serum is left sitting on the clot for several hours?
decreased by 10% / hr
what is the most accurate pipette for a 1 ml volume
oswald-folin volumetric
what type of fast does the patient need to undergo for a lipid study
12 hour
calculate C1V1=C2V2
normal is also N1N1=N2N2
formula for crcl
(Ucr)(Vu)/(Pcr)(T)
T=1440 minutes
formula for normality
N = grams divided by GEW divided by liters
GEW- GMW divided by the total positive valence of ions in the compound
formula for molarity
M= grams divided by GMW divided by liters
GMW- add molar masses of each element in a compound
beers law calculation
Cu=Au/AsXCs
anion gap
(sodium + potassium)- (chloride+bicarbonate)
principle of Kjeldahl protein technique
conversion of nitrogen into ammonium, reference method for total protein determination
principle of biuret method
directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present; specifically reacts with least 2 peptide bonds or more
osmolality
freezing point depression
creatinine
creatinine clearence tests GFR based on assumption that all creatinine passes into the urine. (GFR= volume of plasma filtered by the glomerulus per unit of time)
nephelometer
measurement of light is directly proportional to the number of particles in a solution
fluorometer
measurement of light excited by a UV light source
sweat chloride principle
uses pilocarpine through an electric current into the skin
principle of oral GTT
detects abnormal glucose metabolism
importance of intrinsic factor
required for B12 absorption
jaffe reaction
determines creatinine levels
3 hour GTT
borderline fasting blood sugar pts
+/- 2 SD
includes 95.5% of values
what is a hollow cathode lamp used for
used in atomic absorption
pheochromocytoma
abnormal adrenal medulla which causes increased VMA, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
importance of 5-HIAA
increased in cancers involving entero chromofins of GI tract
berthelot reaction
hydrolysis of urea
reagent used for prostatic acid phosphatase
L tartrate
reagent used for BUN
diacetyl monoxime
reagent used for urobilinogen
p aminobenzaldehyde
importance of urinary 17-ketosteroids
increased in adrenal cortex
duodenal fluid testing
diagnose pancreas disease
LDL
indicates CHD (coronary heart disease)
AFP
alpha feta protein
hepatoma
LD
increased in MI
CK
increased in MI
for what is acid phosphatase used
rape
CK isoenzymes
CKMB - heart increased in MI
CKMM - msucle
CKBB - brain
uric acid
increased in gout
what does the sweat chloride test diagnose
cystic fibrosis
what does SGOT/AST indicate
increased in MI
viral hepatits
skeletal muscle disease
ionic calcium:
low in tetany
amylase
increased in pancreatic diganosis
patients with an increased catbolism of pruines most likey have an increased serum concentration of what substance
uric acid
how could the urine volume of a patient with diabetes insipidus be effected upon administration of ADH
decrease
the serum protein electrophoresis pattern in multiple myeloma shows what abnormality
spike in the gamma globluin
know the normal values for LDL, HDL, cholesterol and triglycerides
HDL 40-75 MG/DL
LDL 50-130
TRI: 60-150
cholesterol: 140-200
what substance in the intestine is required for the absorption of vitamin b12
intrinsic factor
list 3 enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI
AST
CK
LD
importance of iron binding capacity
measures transferrin
bilirubin and diazotized sulfanilic acid produces
azobilirubin
pCO2 measures?
pH
