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clinical chemistry > practicum study guide > Flashcards

practicum study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the purpose of centrifugal force in the centrifugal analyzer?

A

separate solids from liquids

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2
Q

what does a lab worker do if acid gets in an eye?

A

flush with running water and notify supervisor

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3
Q

what do the etched rings on the top of a pipette mean? TC?

A

blow out

to contain pipette

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4
Q

what could cause an elevated specific gravity but normal osmolality?

A

heavier molecule such as glucose or protein

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5
Q

what are normal values for CSF glucose, protein, appearance, and WBC?

A

glucose : 50-80 mg/100ml

protein: 15-45 mg/dl
appearance: clear and colorless
wbc: 0-5

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6
Q

why is CO toxic?

A

prevents O2 binding to hgb

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7
Q

know the abnormal and normal metabolism of bilirubin including what is increased and/or decreased in the serum, urine, and/or feces?

A

normal values:
total bili : 0.2-1.0 mg/dl
conj bili: 0.0-0.2 mg/dl
unconj bili: 0.2-0.8 mg/dl

prehep: too much bili to liver, increases urine/ feces, (hemolytic anemias)
hepatic: problem with liver itself, incr in urine, feces, (liver disease)
posthep: bili obstruction decr/absence urobili in urine/feces (stones, tumors)

e.g. obstructive jaundice= decre fecal, urobilinogen, increased bile pigments = jaundice

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8
Q

be able to interpret oral and IV GTT results

A

( 2 hour plasma glucose)

normal : 200 mg/dl

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9
Q

bilirubin specimen precautions while handling

A

protect from light
run ASAP
no hemolysis

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10
Q

what enzymes cannot be preserved by freezing

A

LD

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11
Q

what is the cause of postprandial lipemia

A

chylomcirons

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12
Q

how does the electrophoretic pattern of plasma differ from that of serum

A

sharp fibrinogen peak in plasma

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13
Q

what is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH of 8.6?

A 
fastets: albumin
A1
A2
beta
gamma (slowest)
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14
Q

what is the principle enzyme in saliva?

A

amylase

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15
Q

the immunoglobulins migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH of 8.6?

A

gamma globulin

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16
Q

how do oral contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding assays?

A

increased in both

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17
Q

creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?

A

creatine

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18
Q

what tests are affected by hemolysis

A 
K
bili
trop
CK
LD
ALT
AST
ALP
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19
Q

what is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio/

A

20:1

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20
Q

what is the anticoagulant choice for blood gas analysis?

A

heparin

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21
Q

how is serum globulin usually determined?

A

serum globulin = total protein - albumin

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22
Q

what is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation

A

T4 thyroxine

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23
Q

how is bloody CSF handled in the lab?

A

spin it down
analyze fluid
mention presence of blood

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24
Q

what is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?

A

specificity

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25
Q

what are the major intracellular and extracellular anions and cations?

A

intracellular anion: phosphate
intracellular cation: potassium
extracellular anion: chloride
extracellular cation; sodium

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26
Q

what is the normal pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

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27
Q

differentiate a transudate from an exudate

A

transudate claer, no clots, SG 1.015

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28
Q

what protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?

A

albumin

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29
Q

how is the blood glucose level affected if the serum is left sitting on the clot for several hours?

A

decreased by 10% / hr

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30
Q

what is the most accurate pipette for a 1 ml volume

A

oswald-folin volumetric

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31
Q

what type of fast does the patient need to undergo for a lipid study

A

12 hour

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32
Q

calculate C1V1=C2V2

A

normal is also N1N1=N2N2

33
Q

formula for crcl

A

(Ucr)(Vu)/(Pcr)(T)

T=1440 minutes

34
Q

formula for normality

A

N = grams divided by GEW divided by liters

GEW- GMW divided by the total positive valence of ions in the compound

35
Q

formula for molarity

A

M= grams divided by GMW divided by liters

GMW- add molar masses of each element in a compound

36
Q

beers law calculation

A

Cu=Au/AsXCs

37
Q

anion gap

A

(sodium + potassium)- (chloride+bicarbonate)

38
Q

principle of Kjeldahl protein technique

A

conversion of nitrogen into ammonium, reference method for total protein determination

39
Q

principle of biuret method

A

directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present; specifically reacts with least 2 peptide bonds or more

40
Q

osmolality

A

freezing point depression

41
Q

creatinine

A

creatinine clearence tests GFR based on assumption that all creatinine passes into the urine. (GFR= volume of plasma filtered by the glomerulus per unit of time)

42
Q

nephelometer

A

measurement of light is directly proportional to the number of particles in a solution

43
Q

fluorometer

A

measurement of light excited by a UV light source

44
Q

sweat chloride principle

A

uses pilocarpine through an electric current into the skin

45
Q

principle of oral GTT

A

detects abnormal glucose metabolism

46
Q

importance of intrinsic factor

A

required for B12 absorption

47
Q

jaffe reaction

A

determines creatinine levels

48
Q

3 hour GTT

A

borderline fasting blood sugar pts

49
Q

+/- 2 SD

A

includes 95.5% of values

50
Q

what is a hollow cathode lamp used for

A

used in atomic absorption

51
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

abnormal adrenal medulla which causes increased VMA, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

52
Q

importance of 5-HIAA

A

increased in cancers involving entero chromofins of GI tract

53
Q

berthelot reaction

A

hydrolysis of urea

54
Q

reagent used for prostatic acid phosphatase

A

L tartrate

55
Q

reagent used for BUN

A

diacetyl monoxime

56
Q

reagent used for urobilinogen

A

p aminobenzaldehyde

57
Q

importance of urinary 17-ketosteroids

A

increased in adrenal cortex

58
Q

duodenal fluid testing

A

diagnose pancreas disease

59
Q

LDL

A

indicates CHD (coronary heart disease)

60
Q

AFP

A

alpha feta protein

hepatoma

61
Q

LD

A

increased in MI

62
Q

CK

A

increased in MI

63
Q

for what is acid phosphatase used

A

rape

64
Q

CK isoenzymes

A

CKMB - heart increased in MI
CKMM - msucle
CKBB - brain

65
Q

uric acid

A

increased in gout

66
Q

what does the sweat chloride test diagnose

A

cystic fibrosis

67
Q

what does SGOT/AST indicate

A

increased in MI
viral hepatits
skeletal muscle disease

68
Q

ionic calcium:

A

low in tetany

69
Q

amylase

A

increased in pancreatic diganosis

70
Q

patients with an increased catbolism of pruines most likey have an increased serum concentration of what substance

A

uric acid

71
Q

how could the urine volume of a patient with diabetes insipidus be effected upon administration of ADH

A

decrease

72
Q

the serum protein electrophoresis pattern in multiple myeloma shows what abnormality

A

spike in the gamma globluin

73
Q

know the normal values for LDL, HDL, cholesterol and triglycerides

A

HDL 40-75 MG/DL
LDL 50-130
TRI: 60-150
cholesterol: 140-200

74
Q

what substance in the intestine is required for the absorption of vitamin b12

A

intrinsic factor

75
Q

list 3 enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI

A

AST
CK
LD

76
Q

importance of iron binding capacity

A

measures transferrin

77
Q

bilirubin and diazotized sulfanilic acid produces

A

azobilirubin

78
Q

pCO2 measures?

A

pH

clinical chemistry (5 decks)

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