practicum study guide Flashcards by whitney webb

what is the purpose of centrifugal force in the centrifugal analyzer?

separate solids from liquids

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what does a lab worker do if acid gets in an eye?

flush with running water and notify supervisor

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what do the etched rings on the top of a pipette mean? TC?

blow out

to contain pipette

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what could cause an elevated specific gravity but normal osmolality?

heavier molecule such as glucose or protein

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what are normal values for CSF glucose, protein, appearance, and WBC?

glucose : 50-80 mg/100ml

protein: 15-45 mg/dl
appearance: clear and colorless
wbc: 0-5

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why is CO toxic?

prevents O2 binding to hgb

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know the abnormal and normal metabolism of bilirubin including what is increased and/or decreased in the serum, urine, and/or feces?

normal values:
total bili : 0.2-1.0 mg/dl
conj bili: 0.0-0.2 mg/dl
unconj bili: 0.2-0.8 mg/dl

prehep: too much bili to liver, increases urine/ feces, (hemolytic anemias)
hepatic: problem with liver itself, incr in urine, feces, (liver disease)
posthep: bili obstruction decr/absence urobili in urine/feces (stones, tumors)

e.g. obstructive jaundice= decre fecal, urobilinogen, increased bile pigments = jaundice

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be able to interpret oral and IV GTT results

( 2 hour plasma glucose)

normal : 200 mg/dl

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bilirubin specimen precautions while handling

protect from light
run ASAP
no hemolysis

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what enzymes cannot be preserved by freezing

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what is the cause of postprandial lipemia

chylomcirons

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how does the electrophoretic pattern of plasma differ from that of serum

sharp fibrinogen peak in plasma

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what is the order of migration of proteins on electrophoresis at pH of 8.6?

fastets: albumin
A1
A2
beta
gamma (slowest)

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what is the principle enzyme in saliva?

amylase

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the immunoglobulins migrate with what protein on electrophoresis at pH of 8.6?

gamma globulin

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how do oral contraceptives affect total T4 and TBG in competitive binding assays?

increased in both

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creatinine is the breakdown product of what substance?

creatine

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what tests are affected by hemolysis

K
bili
trop
CK
LD
ALT
AST
ALP

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what is the normal bicarbonate to dissolved CO2 ratio/

20:1

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what is the anticoagulant choice for blood gas analysis?

heparin

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how is serum globulin usually determined?

serum globulin = total protein - albumin

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what is the predominant form of thyroid hormone in the circulation

T4 thyroxine

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how is bloody CSF handled in the lab?

spin it down
analyze fluid
mention presence of blood

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what is the unique value of enzymes as reagents?

specificity

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what are the major intracellular and extracellular anions and cations?

intracellular anion: phosphate intracellular cation: potassium extracellular anion: chloride extracellular cation; sodium

what is the normal pH of blood

7.35-7.45

differentiate a transudate from an exudate

transudate claer, no clots, SG 1.015

what protein is a contributing factor in edema formation?

albumin

how is the blood glucose level affected if the serum is left sitting on the clot for several hours?

decreased by 10% / hr

what is the most accurate pipette for a 1 ml volume

oswald-folin volumetric

what type of fast does the patient need to undergo for a lipid study

12 hour

calculate C1V1=C2V2

normal is also N1N1=N2N2

formula for crcl

(Ucr)(Vu)/(Pcr)(T) | T=1440 minutes

formula for normality

N = grams divided by GEW divided by liters | GEW- GMW divided by the total positive valence of ions in the compound

formula for molarity

M= grams divided by GMW divided by liters | GMW- add molar masses of each element in a compound

beers law calculation

Cu=Au/AsXCs

anion gap

(sodium + potassium)- (chloride+bicarbonate)

principle of Kjeldahl protein technique

conversion of nitrogen into ammonium, reference method for total protein determination

principle of biuret method

directly proportional to the number of peptide bonds present; specifically reacts with least 2 peptide bonds or more

osmolality

freezing point depression

creatinine

creatinine clearence tests GFR based on assumption that all creatinine passes into the urine. (GFR= volume of plasma filtered by the glomerulus per unit of time)

nephelometer

measurement of light is directly proportional to the number of particles in a solution

fluorometer

measurement of light excited by a UV light source

sweat chloride principle

uses pilocarpine through an electric current into the skin

principle of oral GTT

detects abnormal glucose metabolism

importance of intrinsic factor

required for B12 absorption

jaffe reaction

determines creatinine levels

3 hour GTT

borderline fasting blood sugar pts

+/- 2 SD

includes 95.5% of values

what is a hollow cathode lamp used for

used in atomic absorption

pheochromocytoma

abnormal adrenal medulla which causes increased VMA, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

importance of 5-HIAA

increased in cancers involving entero chromofins of GI tract

berthelot reaction

hydrolysis of urea

reagent used for prostatic acid phosphatase

L tartrate

reagent used for BUN

diacetyl monoxime

reagent used for urobilinogen

p aminobenzaldehyde

importance of urinary 17-ketosteroids

increased in adrenal cortex

duodenal fluid testing

diagnose pancreas disease

LDL

indicates CHD (coronary heart disease)

AFP

alpha feta protein | hepatoma

increased in MI

for what is acid phosphatase used

rape

CK isoenzymes

CKMB - heart increased in MI CKMM - msucle CKBB - brain

uric acid

increased in gout

what does the sweat chloride test diagnose

cystic fibrosis

what does SGOT/AST indicate

increased in MI viral hepatits skeletal muscle disease

ionic calcium:

low in tetany

amylase

increased in pancreatic diganosis

patients with an increased catbolism of pruines most likey have an increased serum concentration of what substance

uric acid

how could the urine volume of a patient with diabetes insipidus be effected upon administration of ADH

decrease

the serum protein electrophoresis pattern in multiple myeloma shows what abnormality

spike in the gamma globluin

know the normal values for LDL, HDL, cholesterol and triglycerides

HDL 40-75 MG/DL LDL 50-130 TRI: 60-150 cholesterol: 140-200

what substance in the intestine is required for the absorption of vitamin b12

intrinsic factor

list 3 enzymes whose clinical significance is related to the detection of a MI

AST CK LD

importance of iron binding capacity

measures transferrin

bilirubin and diazotized sulfanilic acid produces

azobilirubin

pCO2 measures?